This study was conducted for the detection and evaluation of antibiotic residues in poultry products. This research work completed in three different phases. In the first-phase sample, survey was done in different farm houses in and around Faisalabad, and antibiotic residues were detected by microbiological assay. In the second phase, withdrawal period of fluoroquinolone antibiotics was investigated in experimental birds. Samples of liver and muscles of these experimental birds were cooked by electric and microwave ovens. All samples (serum, muscle, liver, kidney and eggs) were extracted for fluoroquinolones and quantified by HPLC with fluorescent detection. Health biomarkers of all samples were analyzed by their reference methods. Percentage of positive samples for antibiotic residues was calculated during a survey. This indicated the wide-spread use of antibiotics in most farm houses and high residue persistence in liver, heart and lung tissues. Seasonal variations were also investigated, and residue prevalence was observed in rainy season. In phase 2nd withdrawal time study, the mean concentrations (mean±SE) of fluoroquinolones were calculated. Analysis of variance and Duncan multiple range test was applied. Significant differences were observed in concentrations (in serum, muscle, liver and kidney) of fluoroquinolones in different days after slaughter. The concentrations were significantly high at day 01 and then decreased and disappeared at day 03 and day 04, respectively. Fluoroquinolones level also depleted after cooking of meat. Health biomarkers were significantly affected by fluoroquinolones in treated birds. Deposition of these antibiotic residues in edible tissues causes many hazards to human as well as animals. In phase III of this experiment, muscles and liver that were positive for their residues during different days of the washout time were subjected to two different cooking methods i. e. by electric oven and by microwave oven. On each experimental day, muscle and liver residues, concentration did decrease significantly with microwave and electric oven cooked samples, and were below the maximum residue limit (MRL) value. Left over residue in meat below MRL’ s value cause allergic or anaphylactic reaction, toxicity, killing of beneficial bacteria in animal and human intestine and occurrence of resistant strains of bacteria in human. In addition aftermath of this will affect economy as well as health of the individuals.
اردو شاعری کی سرفرازی ، دل کشش رنگا رنگی اور پر کشش خیال بندی میں اٹھارویں صدی کے شعرا کا کردار نا قابل فراموش ہے۔اس دور کے شعرا کرام نے اردو نظم کی تمام اصناف میں طبع آزمائی کر کے اردو شاعری کو زینت بخشی اور زبان و بیان کو پختگی کے زیور سے آراستہ کیا۔اسی دور کے ایک عظیم الشان ،قادر الکلام اور ملک الشعرا،استاد مرزا محمد رفیع سودا کا اسم گرامی شعری افق پر اظہر من الشمس ہے۔اردو شاعری کی کلاسیکل روایت ذکر سودا کے بغیر ادھوری اور بے ذائقہ ہے۔میر تقی میر اور خواجہ درد آپ کے معاصرین میں شامل ہیں۔لیکن ان دونوں شاعروں میں مرزا سودا اپنا ایک الگ مقام و مرتبہ رکھتے ہیں۔کچھ ناقدین میر اور سودا کے کلام کے درمیان مقابلے کی زد میں میر کو سودا پر ترجیح دے کر جانبدارانہ رویہ اختیار کرتے ہیں۔جبکہ سودا تمام شعرا سے ہٹ کر اپنے شعری میدان میں پرکھے جائیں تو نہ صرف شعریات پر پورا اترتے دکھائی دیتے ہیں بل کہ وہ اردو کلاسیکل روایت کے مایہ ناز شاعر گردانے جاتے ہیں۔
مرزا رفیع سودا ،خان آرزو کے صحبت نشین تھے اور ان کے مشورے پر فارسی سے اردو شاعری کی جانب راغب ہوئے اور یکتائے زمانہ کہلائے۔آپ نے اردو نظم کی قریباً تمام رائج اصناف مثلاً غزل ، قصیدہ ، مرثیہ ،رباعیات، قطعات، مثنوی، ہجو گوئی وغیرہ پر طبع آزمائی کی۔چوں کہ آپ قصیدے کا فطری ذوق اور رجحان رکھتے تھے اس لیے اردو شاعری میں بہ طور قصیدہ نگار آپ کو مقبولیت دوام حاصل ہے۔
آپ نے اردو قصیدے کو ایک نیا آہنگ عطا کیا۔آپ کے قصائد میں معنی آفرینی ،پرواز تخیل ،بہاریہ ،رندانہ و مستانہ تشبیب...
Student learning within the Operating Room (OR) is complex and challenging, especially for medical students who heavily rely upon structured learning plans. Medical students’ OR-based surgical learning experience is heterogenous, unstandardized, and inadequate for many reasons. There is a growing need to evaluate the learning modalities and models that we currently use for medical graduates’ OR-based learning process, create a balance between structured and opportunistic learning encounters and incorporate previously identified factors that have been known to influence the quality of OR-based learning positively. In continuation with our previous work on OR-based learning, here we argue for a structured OR-based learning plan that embodies appropriate learning models and teaching methodologies and focuses on a comprehensive plan that justifies a local needs analysis and addresses factors influencing the quality of OR-based student learning to produce enhanced learning outcomes.
The present study was designed to develop facile, reproducible and economically viable bacterial sensing assays using functionalized metal/metal oxide nanoparticles/nanoclusters. For this purpose, iron oxide and mixed ferrite nanoparticles functionalized with dopamine were produced and evaluated for their peroxidase mimicking ability. Dopamine capped iron oxide (DOPA) nanoparticles were then utilized to develop antibody-free as well as enzymefree colorimetric assay for the sensing of Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Bacillus subtilis (B.sub) with detection limit as 104 cfu/mL by naked eye and 102 cfu/mL by spectroscopic measurements respectively. The 2-(3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanamide)-N,N,Ntrimethylethanaminium chloride capped MnFe2O4 nanoparticles (DPTMA- MnFe2O4) were integrated into the electrochemical sensor as both transducer and recognition element to develop bio-label as well as bio-recognition element free sensing methodology with differentiation limit of bacteria down to 102 cfu/mL. In yet another effort, blue fluorescent polyethylenimine coated silver nanoclusters (PEI-AgNCs) were evaluated for the detection of bacteria in solution. The fluorescent intensity of nanoclusters was gradually decreased in the presence of bacteria resulting in differentiation of bacteria up to limit of 104 cfu/mL.