The current study was conducted from 2010 to 2014 in Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan to determine the Susceptibility of Pseudomonas spp. to different chemotherapeutic agents and prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamase. The samples were taken from three main tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar, Pakistan. During the study period, 3450 specimens including pus, urine, blood and burns etc. were collected and subjected to culture and sensitivity as per standard protocols. Samples were isolated and identified on the basis of standard biochemical techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by modified Kirby-Bauer method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations were followed per the guidelines set by CLSI. The ratio of male to female under the study was 1:1.4. The most productive antimicrobial agent was class carbapenem (imipenem and meronem) against Pseudomonas spp. among the β-lactam agents whose susceptibility was 282 (84.43%) and 304 (91.02%) respectively. The resistance rate was highest for Tetracycline followed by Penicillin and the isolates were co-resistant to macrolides and flouroquinolones and a moderate activity was demonstrated to the Cephalosporins. A total of 232 isolates were recovered from hospitalized and 102 from OPD patients. Statistically significant values were obtained for 17 out of 20 antibiotics, as there is a remarkable variation in susceptibility pattern of OPD and Hospitalized isolates. In class carbapenems: imipenem and meronem showed 81.47%; 91.18% and 88.79%; 96.08% activity rate for indoor and outdoor strains respectively. Only tetracycline had a diminished rate for both in and out door (5.17% and 21.57%) isolates respectively. In-patient isolates showed higher rates of resistance to most tested antibiotics, compared with outpatient isolates. Overall, there was a moderate decrease in susceptibility rate of Pseudomonas spp. to the antibiotic analyzed over the last five years of the study. The MIC50 & 90 (μg/ml) of imipenem against Pseudomonas spp. was <1 and < 4, respectively. While results obtained by agar dilution method demonstrated the lowest MICs values with meropenem for Pseudomonas spp. MICs observed for carbapenems as compared to the other antimicrobials tested were higher. xix Initial screening and phenotypic confirmatory test for ESBL detection was carried out according to the CLSI protocols. Production of ESBLs was observed in 148 (44.32%) of the isolates and the remaining 186 (55.80%) were non-ESBL producers. Statistically, a significant difference was found in susceptibility of the Pseudomonas spp. to carpenems, quinolones and β-lactam/β-lacatamase inhibitors, among the ESBL producers. The resistance conferred by ESBL’s producing pseudomonas spp. to cephalosporin’s (CEC, CAZ, CRO and CFP) was 14.2%, 20.3%, 14.3% and 22.3% respectively, contrary to the non–ESBL’s, where they were comparably sensitive to 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins. Treatment with third generation cephalosporin (ceftriaxone) is the only risk factor being associated with ESBL infections. β-lactamases of these strains analyzed genotypically by PCR with a series of primers specific for tem, shv and ctx-M genes. 100 samples were selected for PCR to detect tem, shv and ctx-M genes among the ESBL positive Pseudomonas spp. strains. A high proportion of isolates were confirmed for ctx-M gene which encodes a total of 48 strains followed by tem 38 and then 14 of them were shv genes.
مولانا سعید انصاری افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ مہینے ہمارے قدیم اور سابق رفیق مولانا سعید انصاری نے لاہور میں انتقال کیا، وہ دارالمصنفین کے دور اول کے رفقاء میں تھے، ان میں تالیف و تصنیف کا بہت اچھا سلیقہ تھا، اور وہ اردو زبان و ادب کا بڑا ستھرا مذاق رکھتے تھے، لیکن مزاج میں استقلال اور اعتدال و توازن نہ تھا، اس لئے کسی ایک مقام پر جم کر نہ رہ سکے، پہلی مرتبہ دارالمصنفین میں ان کا قیام سات آٹھ سال تک رہا، اس مدت میں انھوں نے سیر انصار اور سیر الصحابیات لکھی، اور امام ابو مسلم اصفہانی معتزلی کی تفسیر ’’جامع التاویل لمحکم التنزیل‘‘ جو اب دنیا سے ناپید ہوچکی ہے، اس کے اقتباسات امام رازی کی تفسیر کبیر سے جمع کرکے اس کو کتابی شکل میں مرتب کیا، جو اسی زمانہ میں دارالمصنفین سے شائع ہو گئی تھی، پھر دارالمصنفین چھوڑ کر صوفی پنڈی بہاء الدین کے یہاں چلے گئے اور اس کے لئے سیر الصحابہ کے نام سے شیخینؓ کے حالات ایک جلد میں لکھے، اس کے بعد مختلف اسکولوں میں ٹیچر رہے، مگر ان میں مستقل قیام نہ رہ سکا اس لئے حضرت سید صاحبؒ نے ان کو پھر دارالمصنفین بلالیا، اس مرتبہ ان کا قیام تین چار سال رہا، مگر متفرق مضامین کے علاوہ اس دور کی اور کوئی یادگار نہیں ہے، یہاں سے دوبارہ الگ ہونے کے بعد مختلف رسالوں کے اڈیٹر رہے، پھر سید صاحب نے ان کو ہندوستانی اکیڈمی الہ آباد کے سہ ماہی اردو رسالہ کا اڈیٹر مقرر کروایا، چند برسوں کے بعد اس سے بھی الگ ہوگئے، اور پاکستان قائم ہونے کے بعد لاہور چلے گئے، حضرت سید صاحبؒ نے ان کو لاہور یونیورسٹی کے شعبۂ اردو انسائیکلوپیڈیا میں رکھا دیا، اسی خدمت پرتھے کہ دفعتہ ان کے انتقال کی خبر ملی، شاعر...
The Almighty Allah has exhibited His quality and power of Creation through bringing into existence of this Universe and several creatures in it. Amongst these creatures, are the earth and the skies. According to Islamic doctrine, Allah the Almighty created seven skies. Similarly, he created seven earths, "This is the only Allah who has created seven skies and the same numbers ofearths where His order is obeyed. So that you may know that Allah is the omni-potent and He has circumpassed all the things by His power ofknowledge. In the present article, efforts have been made to know the literal meaning ofthe term "Ardh", which standfor the earth in Arabic. Basic kinds and subsequently the different terms used by the holy Quran for Ardh have been discussed with special refrence to Tabqatul Ardh (layers of earth) . The paper aims to illuminate that the Quran has numerous secrets of universe which need to be discovered in the best interest of the humanity
Peroxisome-Proliferator Activated Receptors (PPAR-Gs) is ligand based nuclear receptor family which have special role in the IR Syndrome (IRS) pathogenesis, which is a pre-diabetic lesion and have major role in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development. The PPAR-Gs act as intracellular receptors which help in the gene’s activation responsible for glucose and metabolism of lipid. These receptors upon activation help in nutrient metabolism by activating intracellular enzymatic pathways and also increase uptake by cells. PPAR-Gs receptors also help in insulin signal transduction, any defects in these receptors lead to Insulin loss which can affect body tissues mainly adipose tissue and skeletal tissue. This study aimed to compare T2DM patients with normal controls and identify PPARG abnormal status in adipose tissues of T2DM patients. Transcription factor assay was carried out on adipose tissue of control and patients to assessed PPARG status in both normal and T2DM patients. Transcription factor assay was done by ELISA on DAS plate reader, to quantify gamma PPARG expression in both controls and T2DM patients. Objectives 1. To determine PPARG receptors status in adipose tissues of patients with T2DM Mellitus and IR and their comparison with the results of normal controls. 2. To carry out statistical tests of correlation betweenT2DMand IRS parameters and determine status of PPARG in both controls and patients. Hypothesis Adipose tissue PPARG receptor values are abnormal in Diabetics as compared to Obese and normal people. Null Hypothesis No difference in Adipose tissue PPARG receptor values between diabetics and Obese and normal people Methodology Duration This study was conducted for two years during 2012 to 2014. Setting Current study comprised the subjects presenting diabetes and under treatment in Surgery unit of Ayub Teaching Hospital (ATH) Abbottabad. Biochemical analyses were carried out Ayub Medical College (AMC) Abbottabad in its Chemical Pathology Department, and Biochemistry Department, Hazara University Mansehra. Sample Size Sum of 105 patients were recruited in this study. The criteria was a) T2DM subjects of age groups 40 – 65 years were included. b) Sex and age matched obese people non diabetic taken as obese controls. c) Sex and age matched normal subjects, i.e., without diabetes or obesity, considered as normal controls. Methods Based on selection criteria subjects were selected attending the surgical ward of the Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad. All the information from subjects about their past and present health status, diseases status and health statuswere recorded on Performa according to standard criteria. Transcription Factor Assay on ELISA Technique on PPAR-G was done from nuclear extract of Subjects adipose tissue by using standard protocols, and then stored under appropriate conditions as given.