World over, Ficus is recognized to be an important genus containing more than 850 species, out of which 14 are native to Pakistan. Ficus species are widely distributed and easily available throughout Pakistan. Different parts of the Ficus plants have been used in folk medicines since centuries. These are reported to possess multiple such as antidiarrheal, antidysenteric, antidiabetic antiasthmatic, antimicrobial, analgesic, laxative, and haemostatic activities. The present work has been designed with the main purpose to evaluate antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiscalant properties of different parts of selected species of Ficus distributed in Pakistan. Four solvents (absolute ethanol, absolute methanol, 80% ethanol, 80% methanol) and three techniques (orbital shaker, magnetic stirring, and sonication assisted extraction) were employed to evaluate the influence of extraction process on the yield and activities of extractable components. Antioxidant properties of the extracts were evaluated following different in-vitro antioxidant assays such as determination of total phenolic contents, estimation of total flavonoids, measurement of DPPH radical scavenging capacity, measurement of %age inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation and reducing potential. The most potent extract from each sample was used to identify and quantify individual phenolic acids and flavonoids with the help of RP-HPLC. Furthermore, the most potent extract for each sample was also evaluated for its antimicrobial and antiscalant activities. Antimicrobial activities were assessed against selected strains of bacteria and moulds using disc diffusion and resazurine indicator methods. Antiscalant activity of the extracts was evaluated through conductivity measurement and by microscopic examination. Sonication assisted extraction technique and 80% methanol proved to be the most effective extraction system and offered higher extraction yields of active components as compared to other combinations of technique and solvent employed. The extracts obtained by using 80% methanol as solvent and sonication as extraction technique also constituted higher total phenolic and total flavonoid contents as well as exhibited better antioxidant activities as compared to the extracts obtained by other combinations of solvent and extraction techniques. HPLC analysis revealed the occurrence of four phenolic acids (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, gentisic acid and sinapic acid) and two flavonoids (rutin and quercetin) in almost all the fruit, leave and bark samples of the Ficus species investigated. Leaves and fruit extracts of the selected samples exhibited moderate antibacterial activity although none of the sample demonstrated antifungal activity. All the samples showed fairly good antiscalant activity. Overall, from the findings of this comprehensive study, it could be understandable that an appropriate extraction system is necessary for recovery of optimum amount of potent antioxidants, and antimicrobial and antifungal agents from these materials. The present results advocate the utilization of different parts of the local Ficus species for isolation of valuable bio-actives for functional food, neutralceutical and water treatment plants.
وہ پشاور یونیورسٹی کی طلبہ کی سیاست میں متحرک تھے اور پی ایس ایف کے مقبول رہنما تھے ۔ سید قمر عباس نے ہم سے کہا کہ قاضی سلطان محمود صاحب سے کہو کہ مجھے کچھ دن دیں ان شاء اﷲ خیبر پختونخواہ کے طلبہ پنجاب کے طلبہ کے شانہ بہ شانہ تحریک چلائیں گے ۔ہم واپس راولپنڈی آ گئے دوسرے دن رات کو بی بی سی اردو سنا کہ پشاور یو نیورسٹی کے طلبہ کا بھرپور احتجاج یونیورسٹی بند کر دی گئی جمرود روڈ مکمل بلاک سید قمر عباس شہید ایک بہادر انسان تھے وہ مشہور شاعر فارغ بخا ری کے صاحبزادے تھے ۔پیپلز سٹوڈنٹس فیڈریشن کے بانیوں میں سے تھے ۔ساری زندگی جد وجہد میں گزاری متعدد بار جیلوں میں گئے ان کی شہادت سے پیدا ہو نے والا خلاء آج تک پر نہیں ہو سکا ۔
یہ سال 1972کی بات ہے اور غالبا مہینہ بھی فروری کا تھا کیو نکہ مجھے یاد ہے کہ ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کی پیپلز پارٹی کو بر سراقتدار آئے ہوئے یہی کوئی مہینہ ڈیڑھ ہو ا تھا ۔میں ان دنوں گورڈن کالج راولپنڈی کی سٹوڈنٹس یونین کا صدر تھا ۔چونکہ بھٹو صاحب نے جنرل یحی کوreplace کیا تھا اس لیے وہ نہ صرف ملک کے صدر تھے بلکہ مارشل لاء ایڈ منسٹریٹر بھی تھے ۔اسی اعتبار سے صوبوںکے گورنر ،ڈپٹی مارشل لاء ایڈمنسٹریٹر ٹھہرے پنجاب میں غلام مصطفی کھر کے پاس یہ عہدہ تھا۔کھر صاحب نے صوبے امور چلانے کے لیے ایک کابینہ تشکیل دے رکھی تھی ۔جس میں راولپنڈی سے منتخب شدہ ایم این اے خورشید حسن میر تعلیم کا مشیر بنا یا گیا تھا ۔میںنے صدارت کا الیکشن بھاری اکثریت سے جیت رکھا تھا ۔نسبتاََ آسانی سے...
The use of similes, metaphors, proverbs and idioms is given its due prestige in the annals of literature. To mention their use in the Islamic literature especially in the sayings of our Holy Prophet (PBUH) renders an ease and comfort in order to elaborate upon the Islamic teachings. It not only enhances interest but renders an inexplicable charm to explicate Islamic teachings so as to make them easy to comprehend. The use of figurative language enhances the rhythmic flow and charm of language and thus brings in a huge impact on literature. It is in this way that the proselytization task be done in an easy effective manners.
In this study, I have explored how Maria, an experienced teacher of Social Studies, taught Social Studies as an integrated subject. Though there are some limitations such as school policy, time, and textbook which do not allow teachers to incorporate new approaches in teaching and learning of Social Studies; some new ways of teaching Social Studies as an integrated subject were employed. This study employed collaborative action research to integrate the teaching of Social Studies as an integrated subject. It was found that during the planning phase careful selection of topics and thoughtful planning of instructional activities through a unit plan needs to be provided to the teacher. In addition, the study examined the implementation process of a unit plan in a Social Studies classroom and developed a better understanding of how to teach in an integrative way by reflecting on classroom practices. This reflective component allowed Maria and me to see the development of teaching and learning processes in Social Studies. The findings from the data shows the importance of understanding the connection of different disciplines with different perspectives by looking at different strategies, which teachers can apply in the Social Studies classroom. The study gives recommendations to teachers of Social Studies and school management to promote the teaching Social Studies as an integrated subject.