پروفیسر خواجہ احمد فاروقی
جنوری کا معارف مرتب ہوچکا تھا کہ یہ اندوہ ناک خبر ملی کہ اردو کے مشہور محقق و نقاد صف اول کے ادیب اور صاحب طرز انشاء پرداز پروفیسر خواجہ احمد فاروقی ۳۱؍ دسمبر کو رحلت فرماگئے۔ اِنا ﷲ وَاِنا اِلیہ رَاجِعونْ۔
خواجہ صاحب کا خاندان علم و فضل اور سلوک و تصوف میں ممتاز تھا، انھیں انگریزی تعلیم دلائی گئی مگر اس کے باوجود بھی وہ شرافت، وضع داری اور اپنی دیرینہ خاندانی روایات کے حامل تھے۔
۱۹۱۷ء میں وہ بچھراؤں ضلع مراد آباد میں پیدا ہوئے، ۱۹۲۷ء میں گورنمنٹ ہائی اسکول ہردوئی کی پانچویں جماعت میں داخلہ لیا، یہاں ان کے والد سررشتہ دار تھے، ۱۹۳۲ء میں اعلیٰ تعلیم کے لیے میرٹھ کالج میں داخل ہوئے، تعلیم مکمل کرنے کے بعد معلمی کے پیشہ سے وابستہ ہوئے جس کا آغاز مسلم یونیورسٹی اسکول میں کیمسٹری کے استاد کی حیثیت سے کیا، پھر بعض کالجوں سے وابستہ رہنے کے بعد ۱۹۴۶ء میں دہلی کے اینگلو عربک کالج میں اردو کے لکچرر ہوئے، جس کے بعد دہلی ہی میں بودوباش اختیار کرلی، خود رقمطراز ہیں:
’’اس وقت سے کہ چالیس سال ہوگئے ہیں، دلی کاروڑا ہوں اور یہ دلی کی گلیاں کسی طرح نہیں چھٹتیں‘‘۔
حزیں از پائے رہ پیما بسے سرگشتگی دیدم
سرشوریدہ بربالین آسایش رسید ایں جا
۱۹۴۸ء میں دلی میں چاروں طرف آتش زنی، غارتگری اور قتل عام مچا ہوا تھا اور موج خوں سروں سے گزر رہی تھی، مگر خواجہ صاحب اس قلزم خون کے شناور بنے رہے۔
وہ بچپن ہی میں مطالعہ اور کتب بینی کے عادی ہوگئے تھے اور تقریر و تحریر کی مشق بھی شروع کردی تھی، ہردوئی ہائی اسکول میں جب زیر تعلیم تھے تو غنچہ (بجنور) اور پھول (لاہور) کے لیے مضامین لکھتے رہتے تھے۔ اسی زمانے میں اپنے ایک ہم جماعت کے اشتراک...
In Sikhism, the concept of worship revolves around remembrance of God and prayers to God Almighty. Various terms are used for worship in Sikhism among them are Naam Japna, Path Karna and Naam Simran. The best form of worship is to always meditate on the name of God and to sing the words of the Sikh Gurus in a humorous manner. This concept of worship in Sikhism has a limited meaning, while the comprehensive system of worship offered by Islam does not exist in Sikhism. However, inspired by Islamic teachings, prayers, remembrance of God, selection of words for worship from the Holy Book and the construction of places of worship in the Islamic style are arguments to accept the influence of Islam. Sikhism teaches to seek God’s pleasure through worship and to be freed from the cycle of reincarnation through good deeds and to worship the only true God.In this article a detailed study is presented regarding the philosophy of worship in Sikhism and impacts of Islamic teachings on them.
The current study was carried out to isolate indigenous bacteria for the production of endo-PG. Bacteria were isolated, purified and screened initially on the basis of morphology, pigment production, margins etc. Ten isolates were selected after the initial screening, which were identified from their 16S rRNA gene sequence. The ten isolates were named IEB-1 to IEB-10. DNA was isolated from the bacteria and 16S rRNA gene was amplified by PCR using universal primers like 27F and 1492R, which were modified for cloning in pTXB1. The PCR product was cloned in pTXB1 and the plasmids were sent for sequencing from University of Rochester Center of Genomics. The 16S rRNA gene sequence was blasted on NCBI nucleotide database. The isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilius, Exiguobacterium acetylicum, Bacillus pumilius, Staphylococcus hominis, Bacillus licheniformis, Serratia rubidaea respectively from IEB-1 to IEB-9. Nucleotide blast of 16S rRNA gene sequence of IEB-10 showed less than 95% resemblances with many of the species. The selected ten bacterial isolates were then screened for the production of the endopolygalacturonase through different steps. Three isolates showed endo-PG activity. Two isolates were identified as Bacillus pumilus and one was identified as Bacillus licheniformis. The later one has already been reported to be endo-PG positive, but Bacillus pumilus has only been reported as pectinase positive but not as endo-PG positive. Gene sequence of endo-PG from B. pumilus has also not been reported earlier. Primers were designed on the basis of the glycoside hydrolase gene from B. pumilus. The PCR product of glycoside hydrolase was cloned in the double digested pTXB1 which was transformed in E. coliBL21competent cells. E. coli colonies containing the cloned “glycoside hydrolase” gene gave a positive pectinase plate screening assay. B. pumilus was used for the production and characterization of endo-PG. Citrus peals, reddish peals and apple peals were used as the only source of nutrients during liquid state fermentation for B. pumilus for the production of endo-PG to make its production cheaper. Response surface methodology (RSM) under central composite design (CCD) was used for the optimization of various parameters, for the production of the endo-PG, including temperature, pH, inoculum size, inoculum age, fermentation period and substrate water ratio. Three dimensional graphs and contour plots were prepared using JMP-12 software. The optimized results showed the best production of the endo-PG at 39 oC, pH of 7.03, 52 hours of fermentation period, 3.16 % substrate water ratio, 6.5mL of inoculum size having 16 hours of inoculum age. Different carbon, nitrogen sources, surfactants and mediators were used to check their effect on the endo-PG production. All of the carbon sources and some of the nitrogen sources gave negative effect on the production of endo-PG. Ca+2 and Zn+2 showed very negative effect on the endo-PG activity, while Mg+2 had not particular effect at its low concentrations, but higher concentrations of Mg+2 also gave negative effect on the endo-PG activity. The enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 7 and 40 oC. A concentration of 70% was found to be the optimum for the partial purification of the endo-PG. The dialyzed partially purified extract was applied to column chromatography for the further purification. The elution showing a positive endo-PG assay was run on the SDS-PAGE to check the purity and molecular weight of the protein. The stained SDS-PAGE gel showed a single band at 45kDa approximately.