Present study complies with different principles of green chemistry utilizing efficient instrumental techniques i.e; microwaves, ultrasonic waves and replacement of hazardous solvents with greener ones. The overall progress of chemical reactions achieved through application of green chemistry, was compared with the traditional methods. In the first part of this research work, synthesis of N’-benzylidene-2-(2-fluorobiphenyl)propanehydrazides was carried out for which, 2-(2-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)propanoic acid was esterified to methyl 2-(2- fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)propanoate under the influence of microwaves followed by its hydrazinolysis. 2-(2-Fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)propanehydrazide thus obtained, was then reacted in an ultrasonic bath with different benzaldehydes to get a series of N’-benzylidene-2-(2- fluorobiphenyl)propanehydrazides. In the second series, 2-(2-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)propane hydrazide was converted to 4-amino-5- [1-(2-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)-ethyl]-4H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thiole followed by its reaction with different benzaldehydes under conventional and green technologies to get a series of 4- (benzylidene-amino)-5-[1-(2-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl]-4H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thiole compounds. In another series, different substituted chalcones were prepared by clasian condensation method which were then reacted with 2-(2-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl) propane hydrazide in a mixture of water and ethanol to get a series of 2-(2-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-propionic acid(1,3- diphenyl-allylidene)-hydrazide. These reactions were conducted utilizing green technologies and were compared with using conventional methods. Comparison of both the conventional and microwaves/ultrasound assisted reactions indicates a significant reduction in reaction times and improvement in reaction yields. Besides, chemical characterization and X-ray crystallography of selected compounds, all the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-oxidant potential [Total anti-oxidant activity, ferric reducing anti-oxidant power (FRAP) and total phenolic contents], and analgesic activities using (tail flick, hot plate and writhing methods) and most of them were found to possess potential as lead compounds for drug discovery.
اُردو نعت میں’’ حسنِ کُن‘‘ کا اختصاص ڈاکٹر عارف حسین عارفؔ نعت، کمالاتِ نبویﷺ کی تفسیر ہے۔یہ محض حضورﷺ کی منظوم توصیف کا نام ہی نہیں بلکہ حضور نبی کریمﷺ کے حقیقی کمالات کی ایسی پیشکش کا نام ہے جس سے ایمان میں تازگی اور بالیدگی اُسی وقت پیدا ہوتی ہے جب مدّاح کا دل رسول اللہﷺ کی محبت کے حقیقی جذبات سے سرشار ہو۔جذبۂ نعت دل میں محبتِ رسولﷺ کی شمع فروزاں کر دیتا ہے۔ اس سے جمالیاتی سرور کی تعبیر بھی حاصل ہوتی ہے۔ نعت توصیفِ مصطفیٰؐ کا وہ مستحسن انداز ہے جس میں الفاظ، زبان سے نہیں پلکوں سے ترتیب دیے جاتے ہیں۔ بقول راجا رشید محمود: ’’نعت سنتِ کبریا ہے ۔ قلم و زبان کا اس راہ پر قدم رکھناتلوار پر چلنا ہے ۔ اس فرض سے وہی شخص بطریقِ احسن عہدہ برآ ہو سکتا ہے جس کی نگاہ علم کے تمام شعبوں پر ہو، جو شریعت پر پوری طرح عامل ہو۔ جو رحمتِ عالمﷺ سے سچی محبت رکھتا ہو۔ جس شخص کوممدوحِ کبریا کی رفعتِ شان کا ادراک و احساس نہ ہو وہ نعت کیا لکھے گا،کیا سمجھے گا۔‘‘ نعت(ن ع ت) با لفتح(مؤنث)عربی زبان کا ایک مادہ ہے۔جو عام طور پر وصف کے مفہوم میں مستعمل ہے ۔ نعت کے معنی وصف کے ہیں۔ وصف میں جو کچھ کہا جائے اُ سے بھی نعت ہی سے تعبیر کیا جاتا ہے۔ وصف بیان کرنے والے کو ’ناعت‘ کہتے ہیں اور اس کی جمع’ نعات‘ ہے ۔ مضامین نعت کے مآخذ قرآن اور حدیث ہیں۔ قرآنِ مجید جس طرح اللہ تعالیٰ کی کتاب ہے اسی طرح وہ اسلامی ادب کی بھی پہلی کتاب ہے۔ اس میں رسولﷺ کے اوصافِ حمیدہ ملتے ہیں۔عربی کی مشہور لغت ’’المنجد‘‘ میں نعت کا مفہوم یوں بیان کیا گیا ہے: ’’نعتاً، تعریف کرنا،بیان کرنا، اچھی صفات دکھانا، اَنعَت،...
Present study compares the level of public trust in political leadership and the parliament in two provinces of Pakistan: Punjab and Sindh. By applying ordinal logistic regression models, study finds that respondents from Punjab had significantly more trust in their leader and parliament of the country as compared to the participants from Sindh. The variable, government performance, was observed to be the major predictor of public trust in political leadership and parliament between Punjab and Sindh. Additionally, people’s interest in political affairs and conflict resolving behavior of leadership were two other variables which significantly predict public level of trust. The study suggests that respondents who were more interested in the political affairs revealed a high degree of trust in leadership and parliament. Conversely, participants who suffered from the lack of leadership interest in conflict resolving behavior showed low level of trust in both leadership and parliament in both provinces. It is concluded that public trust and distrust are significantly associated with the socio-economic development of the country. Present study may help to understand the factors that may cause public distrust in leadership and parliament of the country. ______
As a concept green marketing commonly aims at encouraging environment friendly goods, which is considered safe for the environment and way of living where individuals can possibly stay. Green marketing is one of the growing concerns for most of the developing countries like Pakistan as evident from literature. In current situation, environmental degradation has emerged as a very hot issue of concern for the society, regulatory authorities and in addition to the corporate sector. Its importance originates from growing ecological concerns like solid wastes, a gradual depletion of ozone, air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution and more importantly global warming. In direction to address the problems related to green marketing in a healthier way, it is vital to know the attitude and behaviour of the working consumers. The current study investigated the issue of green marketing in context of public and private sector universities employees of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study mainly focused on identifying the determinants affecting green purchase intention of consumers. Mixed-method research approach is used in two parts. The 1st part of the research study was based on quantitative method to test the developed hypothesis and validity of the instruments. A simple random sampling technique is used to distribute questionnaire amongst selected sample size. Principle component analysis were used to test the unifactoriality of the constructs. The results of all the tests showed that all items of each factor are correlated with each other, moreover it also provides enough confirmation of the construct validity. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Technique was used to check the relational hypothesis. The second part of the research study was based on qualitative technique which helped in identifying practicing in business sector and environmental protection agency (EPA). Indepth interviews were conducted from the owners and managers of corporate sector and EPA officials selected through common purposive sampling technique. Furthermore, a questionnaire was developed on the basis of the theoretical frame work of the study. Finally the results of the quantitative and qualitative techniques were corroborated with each other. The results showed that determinants have somehow positive and somehow negative relationship with green purchase intention of consumers. The researcher identified major factors affecting green purchase intention. With the help of literature, ignored concept of green marketing is discussed in context of Pakistan. Orientation of experts are also discussed in qualitative part of the study. Finally most important and least important factors are identified through hypothesis testing to fill the gap.