یہ فارسی مجموعہ کلام جون 1927 ء میں منظر عام پر آیا۔ اقبال نے خود اسے پڑھنے کا مشورہ دیتے ہوئے کہا تھا۔
اگر ہو ذوق تو خلوت میں پڑھ زبور عجم
فغانِ نیم شبی بے نوائے راز نہیں (28)
بارہ سال میں چار شعری مجموعے منظر عام پر آنا اقبال کی شاعرانہ عظمت کا منہ بولتا ثبوت ہے۔ زبور عجم میں شامل فارسی غزلیات سے اقبال کے فکر و فلسفہ کی بلندی پر روشنی ڈالی جا سکتی ہے۔ کسی بھی شاعر کے پاس وہ تفکرنظر نہیں آتا جو ”زبور عجم“ کی فارسی غزلیات میں نظر آتا ہے۔ بال جبریل کی طرح یہاں بھی نمبر شمار درج کیے گئے ہیں۔ پہلے حصہ میں 56 اور دوسرے حصہ میں "75" غزلیات شامل ہیں۔ اس میں بیت کی ہئیت سی صورتیں بھی ہیں۔ اس سے واضح ہوتا ہے کہ فارسی غزل گوئی کی تاریخ میں اقبال نے بہت سی تبدیلیاں کی ہیں۔ ان تبدیلیوں کی جھلک نظم " از خواب گراں ۔۔۔“ اور ”انقلاب ! اے انقلاب “میں دیکھی جاسکتی ہے۔
The early Sufis believed that there were two dimensions to the revelations received by the Prophet, words of the Qur’an in their appearance, and the divine inspiration in his heart. This divinely inspired knowledge in the heart, Sufis claim, was gifted to only a chosen few, who contemplated and longedfor nearness with the creator. The early Sufis also laid emphasis on one of the basic tenets of Islam i. e. ihsan. Ihsan is that level of devotion where the devotee is completely absorbed in the worship of God. The ultimate aim of the Sufis is to raise the level of ihsan to experience the presence ofGod. Since the Last Prophet (s. a. w.) was paragon of virtues including ihsan, it was assumed that Sufism or Tasawwuf originatedfrom the Prophet himself. This paper aims to focus on the point of origin of tasawwuf, on the one hand and the need for its revival, on the other.
The present study was planned to investigate the population dynamics and habitats of economically important mosquito species with special emphasis on Aedes spp., the dengue vector in Peshawar Valley during 2011 - 2012. Data were collected from different habitat types in Peshawar, Nowshera, Mardan and Charsadda. Efficacy of different synthetic and natural insecticides as well as IGRs was tested in various concentrations against the mosquito species. In the irradiation experiments various doses of Cobalt 60 were tested to determine the optimum dose for causing male sterility in Aedes albopictus. The result revealed that population of Culex spp. was highest in Peshawar and lowest in Charsadda. The mean abundance of Aedes albopictus was highest in Mardan and lowest in Charsadda. Culex spp. populations peaked during September- October while Aedes spp. during October-November. Highest mean abundance (5300) of the specimen was found in sewage water and lowest in flower pots (11). At all the tested sites sewage water was found more favorable for breeding of Culex spp. while, irrigation channels, scrap, water tanks and pot vases for Aedes spp. The ovitrap index revealed higher population of Culex spp. in the indoor while that of Aedes spp. in the outdoor location. The indoor ovitrap index of Culex spp. was highest in Mardan (16.05%) and lowest in Peshawar (9.38%). The outdoor ovitrap index of Aedes spp. was highest in Nowshera (19.3%) and lowest in Charsadda (7.83%). The vector control In Vitro experiments showed significant differences in larval and adult mortalities as affected by the different synthetic insecticides, IGRs and plant extracts tested in various concentrations. Spatial variation in the mortality of both larvae and adults were observed in response to the insecticides. This variable response might be due to the intra-specie genetic variations from selection pressure of insecticides resulting into the development of resistance in the mosquitoes. The IGRs exhibited LC50 and LC90 in range of 0.002 to 0.016 ppm and 0.008 to 0.115 ppm, respectively. The IGRs yielded significant inhibition (79 to 99.5%) in adult emergence in the 3rd instars larvae of both Aedes and Culex spp. The IGRs were classified in terms of the tested parameters in order of Pyriproxyfen 1.0 WDG > Pyriproxyfen 0.5 WDG > Methoprene. In the field experiments, Pyriproxyfen 1.0 WDG @ 0.1g/m3 resulted in negligible adult emergence over a period of six months in water samples from different treated habitats. Crude plant extracts were tested for larvicidal activity against 3rd and 4th instars of Culex and Aedes spp. Parthenium showed lowest LC50 (0.849-1.543%), LC90 (1.875-2.882%) while Stevia extract the highest LC50 (2.086-2.889%), LC90 (5.836-8.533%) against the 3rd and 4th instar larvae of both the species after 24-48 hrs exposure periods. The larvicidal efficiency of plant extracts were ranked in order of Parthenium > Neem extract > Chrysanthemum > Neem oil > Stevia extract. The results of SIT experiments with Aedes albopictus revealed irradiation dose of 40-60 Gy as optimum for acceptable number of mating (7-8) of sterile males with wild female, negligible fecundity and subsequent hatching in no choice tests.