BACKGROUND: Age estimation is a major concern in Forensic Medicine for its prime importance in legal, socioeconomic and other global issues like bomb explosions, mass migration & mass disasters both in alive or cadavers. Classical methods based on morphological, radiological or histological methods are being used. The precision and reliability of these methods have margin of error of ± 10 years. There is a need for development of a biological tool at molecular level. Amino acid racemization in dentin is found to be a precise model for age estimation with margin of error within ± 3 years. OBJECTIVES: Current study was designed to determine the correlation of coefficient of aspartic acid racemization (KR) with reference to age. Secondary objective of this study was calculation of margin of error between chronological age & calculated age by racemization method. Third objective was calculation of correlation of gender, socioeconomic status & different age categories with KR (Coefficient of racemization). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in dental outpatients‘ clinics at Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi. The duration of study comprised of two years 2011-2013. It was a Cross sectional study and sampling technique was convenient sampling Sample size calculated was 116 subjects. ERC approval was taken. An oral expressed consent of patients was taken. Preliminary data including name, gender, chronological age (Y-M-D), socio-economic status, educational status, monthly income, occupation and any other factors affecting oral health was entered into a specially designed performa for this study. High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography was performed on each sample to quantify the L and D forms of aspartic acid in dentin. RESULTS: Total sample size was 116 subjects, which were divided into two groups – Test group of 85 subjects of known age group and Validation group of 31 subjects whose age were kept unknown to the researcher. 85 teeth samples of known age group (test group) were analyzed and D/L ratio of aspartic acid was estimated by HPLC technique. Regression line was derived from scatter plot graph and least square method was used to calculate the regression equation. The coefficient of racemization (KR) for each tooth was calculated using the formula KR = In [(1+D/L)/ (1- D/L). For checking whether regression equation would correctly predict the age, the proposed formula was applied for validation group of 31 teeth and then difference between actual age and predicted age of 31 samples were calculated. Co-efficient of determination was found to be 0.96, which show that regression equation for estimating age was 96% correct. There was a very strong positive correlation (0.98) observed between actual ages and co-efficient of racemization, which indicates that as age increases co-efficient of racemization increases. CONCLUSION: As the correlation coefficient proved to be strongly positive, it suggests racemization of human dentine could be used as a precise method for estimation of chronological age in living and in dead. The error of margin between calculated and chronological age was ± 2.44 years in 116 subjects. PValue was significant among different age groups. KR coefficient has significant correlation with age rather than gender and socioeconomic status. HPLC is a reliable technique to estimate the coefficient of racemization because it is highly reproducible, cost-effective and convenient. However there is a need for extensive research towards standardization of the method to enable quality assurance within and between laboratories.
اہلیہ محترمہ مولانا سید سلیمان ندوی ؒ کراچی کے ایک مکتوب سے یہ المناک خبر ملی کہ استاذی المعظم حضرت مولانا سید سلیمان ندویؒ کی اہلیہ محترمہ ۲۳؍ جولائی ۱۹۸۷ء کو اپنی اولاد کو آنسوؤں کے سیل رواں میں چھوڑ کر عالم جاودانی کو سدھاریں۔ اِنَّا ﷲ وَاِنَّا اِلیہ راجعون۔ یہ تعزیتی تحریر دارالمصنفین کے احاطہ میں اس گھر میں لکھی جارہی ہے جہاں حضرت استاذی المحترم نے اپنی زندگی کے بہترین بلکہ بہار آفریں اور مشک آگیں دور گزارے ہیں، وہ یہاں کے کتب خانہ میں اپنی میز پر سیرۃ النبیؐ، معارف کے شذرات، علمی، مذہبی اور ادبی مضامین میں اپنے علم و عرفان کے مروارید، نظر و فکر کے زمرد اور ادب و انشا کے درشا ہوار بکھیر کر داخل ہوتے تو پہلے اپنی سب سے چھوٹی اولاد کو اپنی آغوش شفقت میں لیتے، پھر ان کی اور اولادیں ان کے یمین ویسار میں سما جاتیں، جس کے بعد علمی میز پر ان کو جو تکان ہوتی وہ یکایک دور ہوجاتی، اور ان کے چہرے پر بشاشت، ان کی ہر ادا میں نزہت اور ان کی بزرگی میں روحانیت دکھائی دیتی، وہ اپنے بچوں کے شگفتہ چہروں کو دیکھتے تو ان کی آنکھیں جنت بن جاتیں، ان کی معصوم باتوں کو سنتے تو ان کے کان فردوس گوش بن جاتے، پھر فضا میں پدری مہرومحبت کی کوثر و سلسبیل نظر آتیں، اسی فضا میں ان کی اہلیہ محترمہ نے بھی زندگی گزاری، اس گھر میں وہ تقریباً ۱۰ برس رہیں۔ سید صاحب اپنی گھریلو زندگی میں بہت ہی نفاست پسند تھے، ان کی ہر چیز بہت سلیقہ، صفائی اور ستھرائی سے رہتی، مرحومہ بھی فطری طور پر بہت ہی سلیقہ مند، مہذب، عبادت گزار اور باوقار تھیں، جس سے سید صاحب کو اپنی زندگی میں بڑی مدد ملتی رہتی، دارالمصنفین کی قلیل آمدنی میں دونوں...
Translations have a prominent role in the advancement of science and literature for any people. By which sciences and arts move from the literature of one nation to the literature of another nation, in which sciences and arts flourish, and a nation becomes acquainted with the literature of another nations. Translation is an independent art, as it depends on creativity, linguistic sense and the ability to bring cultures closer, and it enables all mankind to communicate and benefit from each other's experiences. It is an art as old as written literature. Translation is a cultural necessity and an intellectual activity, and it extends bridges of communication between civilizations that converge and diverge among themselves, and their languages are similar and differ in ways of expression and methods of statement and expression of ideas, feelings and attitudes, and in the worldview and understanding of its concepts. There is no doubt that translation it is a complex linguistic process that requires lengthy anchors, as the queen of the two tongues is acquired only by a lot of practice, in addition to the systematic study of the mechanisms of transmission from one tongue to another. We also see in the modern era that the Arab Scientific Academy in Damascus, the Arabic Language Academy in Cairo and the Iraqi Scientific Academy have a clear and prominent role in the advancement of Arabic sciences and literature. The Scientific Academy in Damascus has established the Arabic language and its terminology, and the language of bureaucracies, in particular, with the help of authors and translators in particular, and the Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo, which has made efforts in developing the great linguistic lexicon and terminology of modern sciences.
Introduction: Gunshot injuries are one of the leading causes of fatal and non fatal injury in many countries (1) .All over the world, injury studies show an increasing preference for the gun as the weapon of choice for homicides and suicides (2).Firearms are more lethal compared to other portable and concealable weapons (2). Gunshot injuries impact severely on the criminal justice as well as health care systems (3, 4). There is no available published statistics on fatal gunshot injuries inKenya. Some basic statistics are important in understanding the magnitude and severity of the socio-economic burden caused by gunshot injuries. Objective: To determine the patterns of fatal gunshot injuries inNairobi. Methods: A cross sectional prospective autopsy based study carried out between 1st June 2009 and 30th November 2009 at theNairobi city mortuary and at the medico legal unit, Ministry of Health – Government of Kenya. Consecutive postmortems were conducted to determine the patterns of fatal gunshot injuries on all victims of fatal gunshot injuries seen withinNairobi. Data was entered into SPSS database and analyzed using SPSS version 15. Results: One hundred and ninety four (194) fatal gun shot cases were consecutively sampled over a period of 6 months. Majority of the victims (65%) were in the 21 – 30 years age bracket with the youngest victim being 16 years old and the oldest victim being 75 years old. Males were the main victims comprising 99% of the fatalities. Criminals constituted 75.2% of the victims while Civilians constituted 17% and police officers 3.1 %.Most of the victims were shot by police officers (76.8%) while criminals executed 14.4% of the victims. Most of the bodies (63.4%) had more than 1 gunshot entry wound with one of the bodies having 14 gunshot entry wounds. Majority (51%) of the bodies had gunshot entry wounds over multiple anatomic sites with the head and chest as the main targets. 80.4% of the gunshot entry wounds were estimated to have been of medium range of firing. The reconstructed direction of firing showed that 36.1% of the bodies had a front to back direction of firing. 47.4% of the bodies had multiple vital organ injuries with the brain the single most injured organ (31.4%). The manner of death was mainly homicidal (99.0%) while suicidal and accidental each constituted 0.5% of the cases. Head and chest injury were the major causes of death constituting 54.6 %. Conclusion: There was a