Climate change is a serious threat to agricultural productivity and food security. These changes are more critical in arid and semi-arid areas. Crop growth models are the tools used for transformation of traditional production technology to adapt changing climate. Keeping in view the current climate change impact on agriculture a two years field study was conducted at Faisalabad, Sheikhupura and Hafizabad. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement. There were three replications. Transplanting dates (1st, 15th and 30th July) were randomized in main plots while fine rice varieties (Super Basmati, Shaheen Basmati, Basmati-2000, and Basmati-515) were randomized in sub plots. Data were collected on crop growth, development, yield and light interception using standard procedures and analyzed statistically at 5% probability (Steel et al., 1997). CSM-CERES-Rice model in the shell of Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer (DSSAT v 4.5) was calibrated, evaluated and validated. After this the model was used for assessing risk, under changing climate of Punjab. Number of fertile tillers per m2, kernels per panicle, 1000-kernels weight, total dry matter, paddy yield, leaf area index, radiation use efficiency, length width ratio and water absorption ratio were significantly affected by environments (years, locations), transplanting dates and varieties. Model calibrated phenology for four varieties reasonably with RMSE 2.5, 1.3, 2.8 and 1.6 for anthesis, 2, 3, 2 and 3 for physiological maturity, 0.99, 0.87, 0.1.21 and 1.01 for LAI, 766, 745, 742 and 227 kg ha-1 for TDM and 138, 740, 264 and 241 kg ha-1 for yield of Super Basmati, Shaheen Basmati, Basmati-515 and Basmati-2000 respectively. Climate change analysis indicated drastic effects of increase in temperature on rice production. Under the current scenario, it seemed that yield will decreased by 16.5% to 30.7% from early to late century (2014-2099).
یحییٰ اعظمی ناظرین کو یہ معلوم کر کے افسوس ہوگا کہ دفتر دارالمصنفین کے منصرم یحییٰ صاحب اعظمی نے چند دنوں کی علالت کے بعد ۲۲؍ فروری کو انتقال کیا، وہ عمر بھر دارالمصنفین سے وابستہ رہے اور مرکر اس سے جدا ہوئے، مرحوم بڑے متدین اور دفتری کاموں میں تجربہ کار تھے، ہزاروں روپیے کا کاروبار ان کے ہاتھ میں تھا اور کبھی ایک حبہ کا فرق نہیں نکلتا تھا، ایسے قابل اعتماد آدمی مشکل سے ملیں گے، طبیعت میں حد سے زیادہ نظافت و نفاست تھی، بڑی صاف ستھری زندگی بسر کرتے تھے، ان کا دفتری کام بھی بڑا صاف ستھرا تھا، خشک دفتری کاموں کے ساتھ خوشگو شاعر بھی تھے، ان کے کلام کے دو مجموعے ’’نوائے حیات‘‘ اور ’’نوائے عصر‘‘ شائع ہوچکے ہیں، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، مارچ ۱۹۷۲ء)
Some Historians have blamed on Hadrat Hind (R.A) that she mutilated the corpse and chewed the liver of Hadrat Hamza (R.A), which is the cruelty of a specific group of the opponents of Companions. But the Text Book Board of KPK has included exactly these narrations in the curriculum of Urdu compulsory of fifth class. Firstly, this incident was happened before accepting Islam, and when she accepted Islam then there is no blame can be raised upon her on this incident. But definitely, these narrations impact the mind of children. It was necessary to test the authenticity of these narrations before including in curriculum. In this article, some Historical narrations regarding Hadrat Hind (R.A) have been chosen, and some authentic narrations from Ahadith Books have been presented in order to reject these Historical narrations in a scholarly manner.
We calculate absorbtion cross-sections of B c mesons by π and ρ mesons with and without form factor including anomalous processes using meson exchange model. For calculating absorption cross sections of J/ψ − π, J/ψ − ρ and J/ψ − kaon, this approach has been used. After the suggestion for charmonium and bottomonium, it has been also suggested for heavy mixed flavor mesons that their production rate would be affected in the presence of quark gluon plasma. The enhancement of Bc production is expected due to QGP formation in heavy-ion experiments. However, in heavy-ion collisions it is also expected that the production rate of Bc meson can be affected due to the interaction with comovers. For the case of J/ψ absorption this problem has been studied quite extensively. The examination of Bc + hadron cross-section is important for extending this study to Bc. To have unambiguous interpretation of the the observed signal, the information of dissociation cross section is also important. In this work the absorption cross section of Bc meson are calculated with and without form factor, related cut-off parameters and using suitable choice of coupling constants. The total absorption cross section of Bc meson with form factor by π meson σBcπ in this work varies from 2.42 − 20.7 mb and σBcρ is found to be in the range of 0.72 − 4.6 mb. Thermal average cross-sections of Bc are evaluated with form factor when cut off parameter is 1 and 2 GeV. Using these thermal average cross-sections in kinetic model, time evolution of Bc meson is studied. This model is based on a schematic hydrodynamic description of expanding hadronic matter formed from central Au+Au collision at RHIC. We found that Bc mesons abundance are affected by almost 8% and 11% by final state interaction when cutoff parameter Λ = 1 and 2 GeV, respectively.