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Assessment of Biomethane Production from Animal and Crop Waste Through Anaerobic Digestion Process

Thesis Info

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Author

Muhammad Awais

Program

PhD

Institute

Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University

City

Rawalpindi

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Biochemistry

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/9966/1/01.%20Thesis%20Single%20File.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725537659

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Biomethane being a mixture of gases a possible solution for the energy crisis worldwide. The biomethane comes from anaerobic digestion (AD) process that can be run with the widely available lignocellulosic biomass like agricultural and municipal waste which otherwise would have been wasted in raw. In the past, the common usage of manure was to be applied as a fertilizer, which can have an adverse environmental impact in terms of terrestrial eutrophication and emission of greenhouse gases. These days, a solution applied for wastes and residues is to treat them with the simultaneous recovery of energy through anaerobic digestion (AD). The present study was designed to increase the methane production by using codigestion and photo-catalytic oxidation with aim to increase the methane production by synergism/biodegradability and lignin oxidation respectively. In the first step, the substrates were separately analyzed for mono-digestion where wheat straw (WS) produced 255 mLCH4/gVS, meadow grass (MG) produced 301 mLCH4/gVS and cattle manure (CM) produced 307 mLCH4/gVS. Furthermore, the co-digestion results revealed a maximum of 25 per cent increase in methane production which had a significance level of p<0.05 over mono-digestion of cattle manure (CM), when 25 per cent of the manure contents were replaced with lignocellulosic biomass. The over-all biodegradation of the above mentioned combination also reached to 84 per cent in co-digestion from 67 per cent in monodigestion. In the second step the wheat straw (WS) which produced least methane in mono-digestion experiments was subjected to photo-catalytic oxidation with titanium oxide TiO2 and ultraviolet light of 200-400 nm (UV). Specifically, four different TiO2 concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 per cent (w/w) were tested xvii at three different irradiation times (0, 1, 2, and 3 hours). Among the products from the oxidative degradation of lignin under TiO2/UV catalyst system, vanillic acid and ferulic acid were detected at a maximum value of 91.18±2.00 mg/L and 1.67±0.01 mg/L, using 2.0 per cent (w/w) TiO2 for 3 hours. Moreover, the most effective pretreatment strategy (1.5 per cent (w/w) TiO2 and 3 hours) was found to increase the biodegradability of wheat straw up to 37 per cent compared to untreated biomass. The positive impact of photo-catalytic pretreatment was also observed in continuous trials, when methane production was increased by 25 per cent. The photo-catalytic oxidation of lignin-rich substrates is a promising method to disrupt the non degradable organic fraction under mild conditions. It is expected that thorough study of this process can still increase methane production to many folds at industrial scale. Not only high methane yield but also the direct conversion of lignocellulosic biomass can be attained e.g vanillic and ferulic acid. Therefore, it is also expected that application of this methodology for production of biomethane in future will not only help to overcome shortfall of energy but also will provide environmental benefits
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مولانا علی حیدرنظم ؔ طباطبائی

مولانا حیدر علی نظمؔ طباطبائی
نظام دکن کی مجلس میں فرماں روایان اودھ کی بزم دوشیں کا ایک ٹمٹماتا چراغ مدت سے جل رہا تھا، افسوس کہ وہ ۳؍ مئی ۱۹۳۳؁ء کی شب کو چمنستان روزگار کی بیاسی بہاریں دیکھ کر ہمیشہ کے لئے خاموش ہوگیا، مولانا حیدر علی نظمؔ طباطبائی لکھنوی المخاطب بہ نواب حیدریار جنگ بہادر نے بیاسی سال کی عمر میں وفات پائی، لکھنؤ وطن تھا، اخیرشاہ اودھ کے دربار کی خزاں دیکھی تھی، مٹیا برج کلکتہ کی شاعرانہ مجلسوں کی یادگار تھے، علوم عربیہ کے علاوہ شعرو سخن کے فنون پر کامل عبور رکھتے تھے، اس عمر کے باوجود اخیر تک علمی کاموں میں مصروف و منہمک رہے، شرح غالب اور بعض رسائل و مقالات یادگار ہیں، اﷲ تعالیٰ کرم فرمائے۔
حیدرآباد دکن کے سفر میں اخیر وقت میں ان سے ملنے کا اتفاق ہوا تھا۔
(سید سلیمان ندوی، جولائی ۱۹۳۳ء)

 

COMPARISON OF PATELLAR MOBILIZATION AND TAPING IN PATIENT WITH PATELLOFEMORAL PAIN SYNDROME

Background of the Study: To compare patellar taping and mobilization plus conventional therapy for reducing knee pain in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Methodology: Controlled trial with 50 participants divided into two groups who received different treatments for 6 weeks: Group A had patellar taping and iliotibial band stretching, while Group B had patellar mobilization and quadriceps strengthening. Participants received three treatment sessions weekly for six weeks. The VAS was used to conduct pre and post-test pain evaluations for groups A and B. Results: Knee pain decreased in PFPS patients receiving patellar taping (Group A) or mobilization (Group B) using VAS (p<0.05). All treatments are effective for PFPS. The VAS scores after 6 weeks of post A and post B treatments assessed. After 6 weeks of taping, mean = 0.76±0.83. After 6 weeks, mean and SD = 1.20±1.12 from patellar mobilization. No significant difference between means (p = 0.12, α ≤ 0.05). Insignificance. Conclusion: The result of the study indicated that after 6 weeks of treatment for both patellar taping and patellar mobilization were effective in decreasing pain in PFPS.

Attitudes and Intentions of Entrepreneurs: A Comparative Study of Pakistan and Thailand

Entrepreneurship is an energetic process for the creation of a new business or venture. Today, it has the central role in developed and developing economies which are facing big challenges such as globalization, population explosion, poor social development, economic competition and downturns. This research investigates an individual’s attitudes and intentions towards entrepreneurship. With the support of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), a theoretical framework has been developed. This study proposes descriptive methodology in which cross-sectional data is collected from the students of public sector universities of Pakistan and Thailand. By applying a survey questionnaire, 700 bachelor and master degree students have been handed over questionnaires through personal visits, emails, post mail, and Survey Monkey in Pakistan and Thailand respectively. The response rate was 60.28% and 59.85% respectively. After cleaning the data, 385 samples from Pakistan and 392 from Thailand were used for final usage. By applying the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 for windows, overall reliability of survey questionnaire was 0.803 and 0.750 respectively. Statistical results obtained through Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analysis show that attitude towards behavior and subjective norms have positive and significant relationship with entrepreneurship intention in both the countries. However, perceived behavioral control has positive and significant relationship with entrepreneurship intentions in Thailand and not significant relationship in Pakistan. Further, analysis shows that need for achievement, self-esteem, personal control and innovation capability has positive and significant relationship with entrepreneurship attitude in Pakistan and Thailand except self-esteem in Thailand. By applying mean score, data shows that attitude towards behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, need for achievement, selfesteem, personal control and innovation capability are not stronger in Pakistan than in Thailand. However, a subjective norm is stronger in Pakistani individuals than Thais. This study may contribute to entrepreneurship literature and the TPB theory. Furthermore, this research may support policy makers and government agents to reduce the burden of unemployment in a country. Finally, this study concludes with the limitations and future research avenues.