Cultivated tomato is a relatively recent addition in world’s important crops. There exists enormous variability for quality and yield related traits among different genotypes of tomato species. Like other tomato growing countries, tomato cultivation in Pakistan is also facing yield stagnation due to narrow genetic base of the existing tomato varieties and the onset of different biotic and abiotic stresses. Tomato crop thrives well at a temperature ranging from 13 °C to 39 °C. Tomato plants are sensitive to chilling temperature (0-12 oC), therefore, its yield is affected by frost and low temperature. Hence, chilling stress is the major yield limiting factor for tomato cultivation in the plain areas of Pakistan. In order to develop high yielding frost/chilling tolerant tomato varieties/hybrids, there is need to exploit the existing variability for different yield related traits in tomato. The selected genotypes with frost tolerance and high yielding traits could be hybridized to converge these traits in desired genotypes. The present study was designed to undertake the genetic analysis of various quantitative traits of economic worth. A set of 101 diverse germplasm entries was subjected to natural chilling temperatures in the field.Among all the screened genotypes only 18 lines were identified as frost tolerant. The selected lines were crossed with three high yielding testers. The parents and the F1 hybrids were planted at two different locations. The data for various quantitative traits was recorded and subjected to biometrical analysis to evaluate general combing ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and heterosis, as a step towards the development of genetically improved indigenous hybrids/varieties in tomatoes. For the better understanding of behavior of different traits, correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) of parental lines and F1 hybrids was also done.
اسلام کے اصول ابدی ہیں اور ہر زمانہ کے لوگوں کے لئے قابل عمل ہیں۔ریاست کے حاکم کے لئے ضروری ہے کہ وہ ان کو ہر صورت میں معاشرے میں نافذ کرے۔ مسلم ممالک میں جمہوری حکومتوں کے قیام کے بعد ہر ریاست میں چند سیاسی پارٹیاں ہوتی ہیں، جو اقتدار کے ایوانوں میں آتی جاتی رہتی ہیں۔ اسلامی ریاست کے حکام بالا کے لیے اور سیاسی پارٹیوں کے لئے یہ لازم کیا جائے کہ ہر آنے والی حکومت اسلامی قوانین کے نفاذ کے تسلسل کو چلائے تاکہ امت مسلمہ حدودوقصاص کے نفاذ کی بر کت سے محروم نہ ہو ، پورا معاشرہ اخلاقی اقدار کے تحفظ کے لیے ہر آن تیار رہے اور مقاصد شریعت کا تحفظ ہوتا رہے۔ پالیسیوں میں تسلسل کی مثال اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستان سے دی جا سکتی ہے، جہاں قیام پاکستان سے ضیاء الحق کے دور تک تو اسلامائزیشن پر کام ہوتا رہا ، لیکن اس کے بعد آنے والے سربراہان مملکت نے اسلامی قانون سازی کے حوالے سے مزید کام کرنے کی بجائے ، نئی قانون سازی کے ذریعے ان قوانین پر عمل درآمد ختم کرنے کی کو شش شروع کی ہے ، جس پر امت مسلمہ اور اہل دل پاکستانی سوائے افسوس کے کچھ نہیں کر سکے۔اب اسلامی ممالک کے حکمرانوں کو بین الاقوامی دباؤ سے آزاد ہو کر کا م کرنا چاہیے اور امت کو مزید اسلامائزیشن کی طرف لے جانا چاہیے ۔ ورنہ ذہن میں رکھیں کہ کہ کفر متحد ہو کر ایک ایک اسلامی ملک پر جنگ مسلط کرتا رہے گا۔ عراق، افغانستان ، فلسطین اور اللہ نہ کرے کہ پھر پاکستان کی باری آئے۔
This research is conducted, in order to perceive the attitude of higher secondary level students of Sindh towards science. Students (Male = 448, Female = 648) belonging to higher-secondary level (Class-XI & XII) from Hyderabad division were surveyed. Students were divided in Urban (N=455) and Rural (N=641) groups accordingly. “Test of Science Related Attitudes” known as TOSRA, initially developed by (Fraser, 1978) was adapted and translated in Urdu as well, was used as the attitude measurement instrument. Internalk consistancey was checked with Cronbach’s alpha reliability test. After pilot study the test was administrated. Significant difference of the attitude towards science across the students was noticed based on their gender and their locale. The results show that, with small effect size, male students significantly scored higher on almost all of the attitude sub-scales of TOSRA as compared to female students. Interestingly, students belonging to rural areas significantly scored higher with medium effect size on all the attitude sub-scale towards science as compare to students from urban areas.
The current thesis studies the gender composition in boardroom and dividend payouts in Pakistan. To check the link between gender composition in boardroom and dividend payouts, we have taken data of companies listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange in non-financial sectors. A sample of non-financial listed companies on Pakistan Stock Exchange?s KSE-100 index is included in the study which represents about ninety percent of the overall market capitalization of all listed companies on stock exchange. Empirical tests include descriptive statistics, regression and correlation models to check the relationship among dividend payouts and board gender diversity. Diversity in the boardroom can lead towards necessary skills and effective decision making and diversified boardrooms comprised of members of board from different gender, social and cultural background. The results of the current study indicated that a negative relationship exists between female in boardroom and dividend payouts. Furthermore, a positive relationship exists between male members in board room and dividend payouts. The current study can provide guidance in corporate governance structure which would ultimately result in economic growth of the country.