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Home > Assessment of Forage Productivity and Livestockwildlife Competition over Utilization of Alpine Pastures in Hushe and Thallay Valleys of Baltistan

Assessment of Forage Productivity and Livestockwildlife Competition over Utilization of Alpine Pastures in Hushe and Thallay Valleys of Baltistan

Thesis Info

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Author

Raza, Ghulam

Program

PhD

Institute

Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University

City

Rawalpindi

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2015

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6825/1/Ghulam_Raza_Forestry_%26_Range_Management_PMAS_2015.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725539654

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The present study was conducted to assess the vegetation cover, productivity, carrying capacity in the alpine rangelands of Gilgit-Baltistan. The assessment of the population of domestic ungulates, wild ungulates and their habitat characteristics was also carried out. At the end the diet composition and diet selection of wild ungulates and domestic small ruminants for important fodder resources were assessed, so that the severity of grazing pressures on these rangelands could be assessed. A model was developed in the area of competition keeping in view the availability and preferences of livestock and wild ungulates for the future sustainable use of rangeland resources. The study was conducted during July and August of 2012-13; diet competition was assessed during the winter season of the same year. The line transect method was used to assess the cover and productivity of rangelands. A total of 1320 quadrats were selected in both the Hushe and Thallay valleys in 2012 and 2013. Cover abundance of the individual species within each quadrat was measured and recorded. The vegetation cover was higher in Thallay Valley, showing coverage over 60% area, while the Hushe Valley showed 36% area covered by vegetation, however, the productivity of the Hushe range was relatively higher (275.5 Kg/ha) than in the Thallay Valley (240.5 Kg/ha). Within the vegetation cover distribution, the Hushe range was mainly dominated by forb (22.38%); the Thallay Valley was also dominated with forb (25.42%), in which Artemisia was dominant. This means the palatable species has been replaced by less palatable and drought resistant species due to the combined effect of overgrazing and environmental factors. In Hushe Valley, the average carrying capacity was found as 19 hectare/Animal. Unit/5 months. In Thallay Valley, the average carrying capacity was found as 16 hectare/Animal.Unit/5 xxiv months. This extremely low productivity and carrying capacity of range shows the critical condition of range sites in the valleys due to heavy grazing by livestock and climatic factors, specifically rain fall and soil characteristics such as organic matter and soil phosphorus. A livestock survey was conducted to check the grazing pressure with a semi structured questionnaire and the type of livestock was noted in each village. For assessment of Capra ibex in Hushe, two permanent trails - one upstream (7 km) from Hushe village to Dumsum Junction and one downstream (5 km) from Hushe village to Hushe Bridge - were established along the Hushe River. In Hushe Valley, the average livestock holdings per household were 17.14 animals. In Thallay Valley, the average livestock holding size was 15.25 animals per household. The number of dzomo per household has decreased because of the changing trend from agriculture to employment. The dzomo needs to be grazed on the pasture because of their grazing behavior which people can’t afford due to their jobs. The grazing period was dependent upon climatic condition and the harsh winter was a factor to control livestock numbers in both valleys. The population density of Himalayan Ibex was 3.44 animal / km2 during winters in the Hushe Valley. In winter, ibex come down to the surroundings of the main Hushe Nallah (3000-3600 m) for grazing, due to a shortage of grasses at higher altitude because of snow cover. The number of ibex seems to be increasing due to non-interferences of human beings. The average number of trophy size ibex was 3.54 in each of studied locations. This study revealed that the number of hunting licenses may need to be increased for the sustainable conservation of ibex and co-existence of both livestock and ibex, and to reduce the pressure on rangeland grasses. xxv For the assessment of competition, a total of 150 faecal pellets were collected. Each of 50 samples for Himalayan Ibex (hereafter referred to as ibex), domestic goat and domestic sheep (hereafter referred to as goat and sheep) were collected from Hushe Valley during the winter season from November 2012 to February 2013. The images of faecal fragments were compared with the plant reference photomicrographs. Frequency occurrence, relative importance value (RIV) and diet selection value (DSV) were calculated to estimate the diet overlap between the wild ungulates and domestic ungulates and thus to measure their overall diet similarity. The present study revealed that the shrub Rosa webbiana is the most preferred plant species in winter for ibex, goat and sheep with the highest diet selection values. The Salix illensis is also an important source of food for sheep and goat. The Artemisia bravifolia shows considerable contribution to the diet of ibex. The diet overlap index between ibex and goat was calculated as 0.86. The diet overlap index between ibex and sheep was 0.85, whereas the diet overlap index between sheep and goat was 0.96. The value of ( ) is closer to each other and closer to 1.00, which showed potential of competition among all species in winter season. This high diet overlap in winter was due to the downward movement of ibex in winter to search for food. The livestock also graze during day time in the surrounding areas therefore there is a possibility of high competition for the available forage in winter season. The results of the present study revealed that there is a high amount of pressure on the lower rangeland resources in winter seasons, as livestock graze in the lower ranges more frequently
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مولانا شریف الحسن

مولانا شریف الحسن
اس مہینہ کی پانچ تاریخ کی شام کوحضرت مہتم صاحب دارالعلوم دیوبند کے ٹیلی گرام سے اچانک یہ اطلاع ملی کہ دارالعلوم کے شیخ الحدیث مولانا شریف الحسن صاحب کا شب گزشتہ یکایک انتقال ہوگیاتو جی دھک سے ہوکررہ گیا اور دل ودماغ پرایک سلسلہ حزن والم کی کیفیت طاری ہوگئی۔ مولانا کی عمر ستر کے لگ بھگ ہوگی، اس کے باوجود اپنے فرائض منصبی کی انجام دہی میں نہایت چست اورمستعد تھے۔ چند برسوں سے مختلف اسقام وعوارض میں مبتلا تھے آخر میں ان کو دل کاروگ بھی لگ گیا تھا اورغالباً یہی ان کی مرگ مفاجات کاسبب ہوا۔اناﷲ واناالیہ راجعون۔
مولانا علم وعمل، تقوی وطہارت اورفضائل وشمائل ہراعتبار سے اکابر دیوبند کی یادگار اوران کا نمونہ تھے۔ تمام علوم وفنون میں استعداد نہایت پختہ تھی مگر حدیث سے ان کو طبعی طورپر بڑا شغف اور لگاؤ تھا۔برسوں جامعۂ اسلامیہ ڈابہیل میں صحیح بخاری کادرس بڑی شان اورآن بان سے دیتے رہے، جب دارالعلوم دیوبند کو ان کی ضرورت ہوئی تواس کی طلب پر یہاں چلے آئے، یہاں انہوں نے ایک نہایت نازک موقع پر دارالعلوم کی ایسی شاندار خدمت انجام دی کہ دارالعلوم ایک عظیم فتنہ اورابتلا سے بچ گیا۔ سابق شیخ الحدیث مولانا فخر الدین صاحب کے انتقال کے بعد بخاری جلداوّل کے درس کاکوئی معقول اورخاطر خواہ انتظام ارباب بست وکشاد کی سمجھ میں نہیں آرہا تھا، کیونکہ اگرچہ دارالعلوم میں خدا کے فضل وکرم سے حدیث کے بڑے اچھے اچھے استاد اورمدرس ہیں لیکن بخاری جلد اوّل کامعاملہ دوسری کتب حدیث سے بالکل الگ اورمختلف ہے، یہ ایک کتاب یاایک فن نہیں بلکہ دسیوں علوم وفنون کے دقیق مباحث کا مجموعہ ہے۔ دارالعلوم دیوبند کاسب سے بڑا امتیاز ہی درس بخاری ہے۔اس بنا پر یہاں اس مسند پروہی عالم بیٹھ سکتاہے جس کوسالہاسال بخاری کے درس اوراس کے...

Islam and Forced Conversion: A Misunderstood Concept

Religion and marriage are two vital components of an individual’s life. Major world religions have guided human beings not only in theology but also in the matter related to marriage. Islam recognizes the need of its adherents for having matrimonial relationship with the women of the people of scripture in a pluralistic society. It has permitted its males followers for getting married with Christian females and vice versa is not permitted. In history, Muslims have been practicing such interfaith marriages and some of Muslim rulers also availed this relaxation. This paper discusses the marriages of Muslim rulers with Christian ladies enumerating various married couples. Among such rulers are included Umayyads caliphs, Spainish amirs, Ottoman sultans, Mughal emperor and some contemporary rulers. The effects of these interfaith marriages have also been analyzed.

Effects of Thyroid Profile Changes on the Biochemical Makers of Bone, Liver and Renal Function in Non Pregnant Women of Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, Pakistan

This hospital based cross sectional study was conducted from 01 March 2014 to 31 March 2015 in Khyber Teaching Hospital (KTH), a tertiary care hospital in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa (KP) province of Northern Pakistan. The study group comprises of 259 non pregnant women in the age group of 18-75 years. Informed consent was sought from each patient and all human dignity was respected throughout the study period in accordance with the international norms involving human as an experimental subjects. 5 mL of fresh venous blood (fasting sample) was taken from each patient. It was divided into two portions- one portion was used for the determination of thyroid profile markers by Elisa methods and the other portion was used for the determination of serum alkaline phosphatase, calcium, Zinc, urea, creatinine, SGPT and SGOT level on autoanalyser (Erbamannhein chemistry autoanalyser, Germany) by using Erba kits and Standard protocols. After the determination of thyroid profile status, patients having normal thyroid profile (n=54, TSH≤6.0, normal T3 and T4 levels) were taken as controls.While the hypothyroid patients (n=96) and hyperthyroid group (n=109) constituted the study group.The patients in the hypothyroid groups were further sub divided into Sub clinically hypothyroid (Sh) (n=48) and Overtly hypothyroid (Oh) (n=48). Similarly the patients in hyperthyroid groups were also subdivided into Overtly Hyperthyroid (OH) (n=58) and Sub clinically Hyperthyroid (SH) (n=51). Purposive sampling method was employed for the collection of the relevant data. The total no of patients who met the purpose of the study were 259. The data about age, BMI and all the required biochemical parameters for each patient was collected on a well-designed data entry form. The data so obtained was statistically analyzed using SPSS for windows 21.0 software and Microsoft Excel. Values were reported as mean ± standard error of mean. Pearson’s correlation of the data was also carried out to look for association between variables. A, p value of < 0.05 was considered to be significant. The mean age of patients in the control group (N) was 42.15 ± 1.86 years, 46±1.38 years for Overtly hypothyroid (Oh), 45.97±1.93 years for Sub clinically hypothyroid (Sh), 49.74±1.62 years for Overtly Hyperthyroid (OH) and 48.94±1.87 years for the Sub clinically Hyperthyroid (SH).The control group were 54, of which 61.11% (33) were Menopausal (M, age below 45 years), 18.52% (10) were Early Post-Menopausal (EPM, age 45-50 years) and 20.37% (11) were Late Post-Menopausal (LPM, age above 50 years). The %age of M, EPM and LPMin the Oh (48) and Sh (48) group were, 54.16%(26), 12.5%(06), 33.83%(16) and 45.83%(22), 22.92% (11), 31.25%(15) respectively. Similarly the %age of M, EPM and LPM in the OH (58) and SH(51) were 34.48% (20), 27.58%(16), 37.93%(22)and43.14%(22), 07.84%(04), 49.07%(25) respectively. The mean serum level of TSH was found to be lowest in OH group (0.17±0.01µIU/ mL) and highest in the Oh group (25.89±2.86µIU/ mL). Serum T3 level was highest in OH group (2.37±0.01ng/mL) and lowest in Oh group (0.94±0.09ng/mL). Highest serum T4 level was found for OH group (12.07±0.46µg/ dL) and lowest in Oh group (4.30±0.28µg/ dL). Mean serum creatinine was highest in N group (1.47±1.25 mg/dL) as compared to OH (1.29±0.01 mg/dL) and SH group (1.34±0.15 mg/dL). Serum Urea level was found elevated in OH (35.35±1.75 mg/dL) and SH (32.98±1.63 mg/dL) as compared to N group (32.60±1.22 mg/dL). Serum creatinine showed positive relation with TSH, in all the study groups, negative relation with T3 in the N group and OH and positive in SH group. Serum creatinine showed a significant positive correlation with TSH in the OH group (p= 0.05). Serum creatinine showed a significant negative correlation with T3 in the N group (p= 0.05). No significant correlation with T4 was found either for creatinine or Urea in any of the study groups. A minor decrease in the serum creatinin level in the Oh (1.10mg/dL) and Sh group (1.18 mg/dL) was found as compared to N group (1.47mg/ dL). Serum urea was found to be slightly decreased in the Sh group (23.22 mg/dL) as compared to N group (32.60mg/dl) and Oh group (30.11mg/dL). A very significant positive correlation was found between Serum creatinine and T3 in the Sh group (p= 0.005) and significant negative correlation with T3 in the N group (p= 0.05). Urea was significantly negatively correlated with TSH in Sh group (p= 0.05). Mean Serum Calcium was highest in OH group (9.80±0.90 mg/dL) and lowest in Oh group (8.95±0.10 mg/ dL). Serum total alkaline phosphatase was found to be maximum in N group (159±7.61 U/L) and minimum in Sh group (128±6.42 U/L). There were no significant differences in the Serum Zinc level of all the diseased groups. Calcium showed significant positive correlation with TSH in Oh (p=0.01) and OH (p=0.04). Serum Calcium was significantly negatively correlated with T3 in OH (p=0.01). Serum alkaline phosphatase was significantly negatively related with T4 in OH (p=0.01). Serum Zn showed a very significant positive correlation with T3 in SH (p=0.02). Significance differences were found in the SGPT and SGOT level in all the five groups. SGPT level was found to be 33.14±2.98 in OH, 29.50±1.69 in SH group as compared to 29.69±3.28 IU/L in N group. SGOT level was 33.70±5.12 IU/L in N group, 30.68±2.7 in OH group and 30.38±2.6 IU/L in SH group. Avery significant positive correlation was found between SGOT and TSH in the N group (p =0.002). Avery significant positive correlation was also found between BMI and T3 in N group and OH group (p =0.01). SGPT level was found to be 24.35±1.11 IU/L in the Oh, 16.85±0.55 IU/L in Sh as compared to 29.69±3.28 IU/L in N group. SGOT level was 33.70±5.12 IU/L in N group 23.65±1.22 IU/L in Oh group and 17.86±0.98 IU/L in Sh group respectively. SGOT was none significantly negatively correlated with TSH in the Oh and Sh groups. No significant correlation was found between SGPT and thyroid profile markers (TSH, T3 and T4) in any of the study groups. In conclusions, thyroidal dysfunction is a common problem in northern Pakistan affecting women folks more as compared to other gender due to poverty, lack of education, social taboos and lack of health facilities in rural areas.More over there is a lack of adequate amount of iodine in drinking water and iodized salt due to lack of strict quality control. There is a complex interaction between thyroid kidney, liver and bone turnover markers. It was concluded from this study that bones desorption occurs at higher rate in hyperthyroid patients and bone turnover is increased in favor of desorption. Opposite changes are observed in hypothyroid women.Also hyperthyroidism may affect renal function in the long run if left untreated, while hypothyroidism may not affect renal functions in non-pregnant women. It was also concluded from this study that SGOT is directly affected by the change in the serum level of TSH in the normal individual (N). Serum T3 directly affected BMI in N and OH groups. It was also found that hypothyroidism may decrease while Hyperthyroidism may increase the rate of synthesis of liver enzymes.Due to this complex inter play between these vital organs of the body and thyroid hormone, multi system approach should be adopted in the diagnosis of clinical conditions affecting either organs.