The assessment of growth and genotoxicity in peripheral blood erythrocytes of fish exposed to metals toxicity was conducted in three phases i.e. (i) toxicity of metals to the fish, (ii) chronic effects of metals on fish growth and (iii) genotoxic effects of metals in fish. Acute toxicity of aluminum, arsenic, copper, nickel, zinc and Al+As+Cu+Ni+Zn mixture (MM) was determined, in-terms of 96-hr LC 50 and lethal concentrations, for three age groups of four fish species viz. Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala, Catla catla and Ctenopharyngodon idella under controlled laboratory conditions. Accumulation of metals in fish organs at 96-hr LC 50 and lethal concentrations were also determined. Fish growth performances in-terms of increase in wet weights, fork and total lengths, condition factor, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency and specific growth rate of 150-day old Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala, Catla catla and Ctenopharyngodon idella, were monitored under sub-lethal chronic exposure of aluminum, arsenic, copper, nickel, zinc and MM, separately. After 150-day growth trials, fish organs viz. liver, kidney, gills, gut, muscles, bones, skin, fins and scales were analyzed for their respective exposure metals and MM. During 3 rd phase, all the four fish species were exposed, separately, to four sub-lethal concentrations viz. 17, 25, 33 and 50% of aluminum, arsenic, copper, nickel, zinc and MM LC 50 for 30 days. Fish blood samples were analyzed through Comet assay and Micronucleus test to determine genotoxic effects of individual metals and MM on fish. The extent of DNA damage was measured in-terms of mean percentage of damaged cells, genetic damage index (GDI) and cumulative tail length (μm) of comets, frequency of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities viz. bi-nucleated, dumble, blebbed, notched and de-shaped nuclei. Among the four fish species, Catla catla were significantly more sensitive to individual metals and MM while Labeo rohita showed significantly least sensitivity. The 150-day age groups of all fish species were found significantly (p<0.05) least sensitive to all metals, followed by that of 120- and 90-day fish. However, sensitivity of all age groups of fish, in-terms of 96-hr LC 50 , towards individual metals and MM followed the order: MM > copper > arsenic > nickel > aluminum > zinc while for lethal concentrations it was: MM > copper > arsenic > nickel > zinc > aluminum. All the fish species were significantly more sensitive to MM than all the individual metals. Therefore, metals in a mixture form exhibited additive effects towards sensitivity of all the four fish species under study. All the four fish species showed significantly variable ability to bio- accumulate metals in their bodies, during acute exposures. Overall accumulation of aluminum, arsenic and copper in all the four fish species followed the order: Ctenopharyngodon idella > Cirrhina mrigala > Labeo rohita > Catla catla. However, the accumulations of both nickel and zinc were significantly maximum in Cirrhina mrigala. Accumulations of aluminum, nickel and zinc were significantly maximum in fish liver while kidney showed significantly higher tendency to concentrate arsenic and copper. However, fish scales and fins showed significantly lower ability to amass all these metals. The chronic exposure of individual metals (aluminum, arsenic, copper, nickel, zinc) and MM exerted significant impacts on the growth performance of all the four fish species. All control fish species exhibited significantly better growth than the treated fish. However, exposure of MM caused significantly lowest increments in wet weights and lengths of fish. Both MM and arsenic exposures caused significant impacts on fish growth, followed by that of copper, nickel, aluminum and zinc. Among metals exposed fish, Labeo rohita showed significantly higher growth, followed by that of Catla catla, XXICirrhina mrigala and Ctenopharyngodon idella. The overall ability of four fish species to convert feed into mass was significantly higher for Catla catla with the mean FCE of 90.15±10.65 %. However, Cirrhina mrigala showed significantly minimum FCE of 88.22±12.82 %. Therefore, fish growth has appeared a reliable end point of chronic stress of metals in order to predict the physiological course of action in estimating their impacts related with feed intake, metabolism and assimilation by the four fish species under study. The fish body organs showed significant variability in their tendency to accumulate metals. Fish liver, kidney, gills and gut accumulated significantly higher amounts of aluminum, arsenic, copper, nickel and zinc while minimum accumulation of all these metals were observed in fish fins and scales. All the four fish species showed significant differences in their ability to concentrate metals under chronic exposure of MM. However, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Cirrhina mrigala showed significantly higher ability to bio-accumulate metals than Labeo rohita and Catla catla. The DNA damage determined in-terms of percentage of damaged cells, GDI and cumulative tail length of comets, micronuclei frequency and frequency of other nuclear abnormalities varied significantly due to exposure of various concentrations of individual metals (aluminum, arsenic, copper, nickel and zinc) and MM. Among the four fish species, Cirrhina mrigala were significantly more susceptible to metal’s toxicity as it had significantly higher percentage of DNA damaged cells, GDI, cumulative tail length of comets, frequency of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities while Catla catla appeared significantly least sensitive. The toxic potential of metals to induce DNA damage in the peripheral erythrocytes of four fish species in-terms of percentage of damaged cells, GDI and micronuclei frequency followed the order: arsenic > MM ≥ zinc > aluminum > copper > nickel while cumulative tail length of comets was affected significantly due to arsenic > MM > aluminum > copper > nickel > zinc. Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala, Catla catla and Ctenopharyngodon idella, of 90-, 120- and 150-day age groups, showed variable responses towards aluminum, arsenic, copper, nickel, zinc and MM toxicity due to their physiological differences and species-specificity to interact against various metals. Moreover, the genotoxic potentials of aluminum, arsenic, copper, nickel, zinc and MM suggested a serious concern towards their potential danger to the survival and growth of fish, under study, in the natural aquatic habitats. Therefore, it is concluded that by using Comet assay and micronucleus test, Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala, Catla catla and Ctenopharyngodon idella can suitably be used as bio- indicators of metallic ion pollution in the natural aquatic habitats.
سید احمد حسین امجدؔ حیدرآبادی افسوس ہے کہ حکیم الشعراء سید احمد حسین امجد حیدرآبادی نے بھی اس جہاں فانی کو الوداع کہا، ان کی وفات محض دنیائے شاعری کا نہیں بلکہ دنیائے دل کا حادثہ ہے، وہ تنہا شاعر ہی نہیں اس سے زیادہ حکیم و عارف اور صاحب دل صوفی تھے، اردو کے نامور شاعروں سے آج بھی ہندوستان خالی نہیں، مگر امجد اپنے رنگ میں یگانہ تھے، ان کے کلام میں طور کی تجلی اور وادی یمن کے شراروں کا عکس ہے، خصوصاً رباعی گوئی میں اس زمانہ میں ان کا جواب نہ تھا، ان کی رباعیات حکمت و بصیرت کا دفتر ہیں، وہ صحیح معنوں میں اس دور کے سرمد اور ابوسعید ابو الخیر تھے، ان کی ذات بظاہر عارفانہ شاعری کا خاتمہ نظر آتا ہے۔ انھوں نے فطرۃً بھی حکیمانہ نظر اور درد آشنا دل پایا تھا، اور ان کو حوادث بھی ایسے پیش آئے جنھوں نے ان کو سراپا سوز اور حقیقت نگر بنادیا، وہ نثر بھی سادہ سلیس، بے تکلف، اور مؤثر و دلنشین لکھتے تھے، چھوٹے چھوٹے سادہ بلیغ فقروں میں بڑی حکیمانہ اور سبق آموز باتیں کہہ جاتے تھے، ان کی نظم و نثر کی تصانیف کی تعداد ایک درجن سے زیادہ ہوگی، دارالمصنفین سے ان کے دیرینہ تعلقات تھے، حضرت سید صاحب رحمۃ اﷲ علیہ ان کے اور ان کے کلام کے بڑے قدر دان تھے، حکیم الشعراء کا لقب ان کو انہی نے دیا تھا، ایک مرتبہ امجد مرحوم دارالمصنفین بھی آئے تھے، ان کی سادہ مگر پر تاثیر شخصیت اب تک نگاہ میں ہے ایک زمانہ میں ان کا کلام معارف میں بکثرت چھپتا تھا، مگر ادھر عرصہ سے ان چیزوں سے اس قدر مستغنی اور بے نیاز ہوگئے تھے کہ اپنا کلام رسالوں میں بھیجنا چھوڑ دیا تھا، افسوس ہے کہ شاخِ طوبیٰ کا...
The conquest of Makkah is an extraordinary and unprecedented event of the Muslim history in which the Holy Prophet (PBUH) demonstrated his political discernment and strategy that Islam is an unassailable entity that can never be eradicated. Your democratic engagement in the conquest of Makkah facilitated the establishment of a government of peace and reconciliation in Arabia, which led the Arabs to grow submissive to the Sharia. They all became Muslims as a consequence of your political participation; hence, Makkah's government was then altered and structured accordingly with Islamic principles. The political role of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) in the conquest of Makkah has been addressed in this article. The methodology chosen to go ahead with this piece was astounding. However, the challenge faced during the research was: Muslims in the modern age encounter a slew of political issues. And as a result, Politicians, if they try, can overcome their challenges by remembering the Holy Prophet's (PBUH) political involvement in the Conquest of Makkah. Keywords: The Holy Prophet (PBUH), political problems, The Conquest of Makkah, Modern era.
The unavailability of reference images in real world problems makes blind image quality assessment (BIQA) a challenging task. The ability of BIQA techniques to assess the image qualityisdirectlydependentonthequalityoffeaturesextracted. ManyBIQAtechniquesare proposed in literature that follow a two-step approach that include extraction of features in different domains and assessment of image quality with the use of extracted BIQA features. TheperformanceofBIQAtechniquescanbedegradedwhenredundantorirrelevantfeatures are present in the image. Therefore, irrelevant and redundant features can be removed using feature selection algorithms that aid in increasing the correlation between predicted quality score and mean observer score (MOS) and lowering the root mean squared error (RMSE), which improves the performance of BIQA techniques. In this thesis, role of feature selection for BIQA has been explored and analyzed. The objectiveoffeatureselectionistoselectfeaturesthatcanhelpinimprovingtheperformance of BIQA techniques. The thesis starts by providing an introduction to image quality assessment followed by a survey of existing state-of-the-art BIQA techniques. The knowledge of existing BIQA techniques is utilized for optimum feature selection, which has not been explored for existing BIQA techniques to the best of our knowledge. In contrast to existing techniques, a three-step framework is presented in this thesis. Existing BIQA techniques are used for feature extraction in the first step. Existing general purpose feature selection algorithms are utilized to reduce the length of feature vector in the second step. The image qualityscoreispredictedutilizingtheselectedfeaturesinthethirdstep. Threeapproachesto feature selection have been considered. Firstly, feature selection is performed using existing feature selection algorithms. During the analysis of features, belonging to various BIQA techniques, it was observed that each distortion type exhibits different characteristics. Each individual distortion type affects each BIQA feature in a distinct manner e.g., Gaussian blur affectsedgeinformationintheimagewhereas,JPEGcompressiondistortiontypeintroduces blockiness in the image. Therefore, using same set of features for all distortion types may not be the optimal approach. Hence, distortion specific feature selection is proposed, which selects different features are selected for each distortion type. Impact of general purpose feature selection algorithms on BIQA techniques has shown promising results. However, thesefeatureselectionalgorithmscanselectirrelevantfeaturesanddiscardrelevantfeatures. Therefore, the performance of fifteen new feature selection algorithms, which are specificallydesignedforBIQA,isexplored. Theproposedfeatureselectionalgorithmsareapplied on the extracted features of existing BIQA techniques and rely on SROCC, LCC, Kendall correlation constant (KCC) and RMSE parameters. Feature selection algorithms based on SROCC and its combination with LCC, KCC and RMSE perform better in comparison to other proposed algorithms. A new BIQA technique based on natural scene statistics properties of the bag-of-features representation and feature selection algorithms is proposed in this thesis. The proposed bag-of-features technique utilizes Harris affine detector and scale invariantfeaturetransformtocomputefeatures, whichareclusteredusingthek-meansclusteringalgorithmtoformthecodebookvocabulary. Thisconstructedcodebookisusedwitha pre-trained support vector regression model to assess the quality of the image. Furthermore, the performance of existing feature selection algorithms is explored on the proposed BIQA technique. Itisobserved,thatfeatureselectionhelpsinimprovingtheperformanceofexistingBIQA techniques,byimprovingtheSROCC,LCC,KCCandRMSEincomparisontousingallthe features for a particular BIQA technique.