Wheat is king of cereals and plays a central role in Pakistan’s food economy. Developing world has greater concern about food security because of population intensification. There is a dire need of new technologies and inventions for modern agriculture to reshape in productive fashion. Nanotechnology has greater potential for addressing current agricultural issues in resource and environmental friendly manner. Nanotechnology is the exploration of materials objects and systems through the structure and properties of matter at nano scale. Exploring the comprehensive research profile of nanoparticles may revolutionize entire industry in to climax. Silver and iron nano particles have potential to enhance growth and development by improving metabolic activities of plants. Organic chemicals like nicotinic acid, tryptophan and myo-inositol have stimulatory effects on plant growth and act as endogenous promoters. Inorganic chemicals like urea and KNO3have yield enhancing effects. Silver and Iron nanoparticles were synthesized in Crop Physiology Lab Department of Agronomy, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Size determination of nanoparticles was carried out through SEM and Zeta Particle Analyzer. In primary optimization series of experiments were carried out to find the best concentration of nanoparticles, organic and inorganic chemicals. From primary optimization 5 ppm Ag NPs, 10 ppm nicotinic acid, 25 ppm tryptophan, 25 ppm myo-inositol, 0.75 % urea, 0.75 % KNO3 and 5 ppm Fe-NPs were selected for blending purpose. In secondary optimization all the best performing treatments were blended by making possible combinations. Growth analysis was carried out for evaluation of effective nanoblended formulations for wheat growth. To check the response of chemo-blended nanoformulations morphological, physio-chemical, and yield analysis were performed. Proteomic analysis was carried out to investigate the insight change in proteome in response to chemo-blended NPs. Results revealed that Ag NPs and Fe NPs mixed with organic and inorganic chemicals increased wheat plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll spad reading, root length, shoot and root biomass. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were increased with application of chemo-blended NPs. Biochemical analysis such as total free amino acid contents, total soluble sugars, and total soluble proteins were significantly promoted with chemo-blended Ag and Fe NPs. Antioxidant enzyme activities such as SOD, CAT, and POD were increased in response to chemo-blended NPs. Yield attributes like no. grains per spike, weight of grains, and yield of wheat increased in response to Ag & Fe NPs mixed with organic and inorganic chemicals. In proteomic analysis proteins were extracted from treated plants and analyzed through nano LC-MS/MS. Differential analysis of MS data was carried out with PERSEUS software (version 1.6.0.7). The protein sequence of the differentially changed proteins was subjected to amigene ontology Go database. The gene functional annotations and protein categorization was assessed through MapMan bincode and protein abundance ratio was assessed through MapMan software. Pathway mapping of identified proteins was performed using KEGG databases. Amongst differentially changed proteins, proteins related to photosynthesis, protein synthesis, secondary metabolism and transport were increased while glycolysis, signaling and stress related proteins were decreased. KEGG pathway mapping of identified glycolysis related proteins revealed that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase increase/decrease while phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase was decreased. Enzyme activity as confirmation of proteomic analysis revealed that SOD, CAT, and POD increased in response to chemoblended NPs. Furthermore, maintenance of redox homeostasis through regulation of glycolysis and increased activities of antioxidant enzymes regulate energy metabolism. This maintenance of energy related activities may stimulate plant growth and development in response to chemo-blended NPs.
موضوع2:نقاد کی خوبیاں اورذمہ داریاں • اچھا نقاد وہ ہوتا ہے جس میں مندرجہ ذیل خوبیاں پائی جائیں۔ • اچھا نقاد فن پارے پر رائے دیتے ہوئے ہمیشہ سچائی سے کام لیتا ہے۔ • مبالغہ آرائی سے پرہیز کرتاہے • تعصب سے پاک ہو • غیر جانب دارہو • ہٹ دھرم اور ضدی نا ہو • مالی فائدے کے لیے نا لکھے۔ • اچھا نقاد محنتی ہوتا ہے اور جانفشانی سیکام کرتا ہے۔ • اچھا نقاد بے صبری اور عجلت کا مظاہرہ نہیں کرتا • اختلاف کی جرات ہونی چاہیے۔ • ضعیف الاعتقاد نا ہو • اچھے حافظے کا مالک ہو • نقاد کی رائے قطعی او ر حتمی ہوتی ہے۔ • مختلف زبانوں کا ما ہرہو • مختلف اصطلاحات کے بارے میں آگاہی رکھتا ہو • اس کا اسلوب عام فہم ہو اور تحریر سادہ ہو • اچھا نقاد وہ ہے جس کا مزاج بھی تنقید والا ہو۔ • فن کی عمارت تنقید پر کھڑی ہوتی ہے۔ بقول ڈاکٹر محی الدین قادری: " صحیح نقاد وہ ہے جو خوبیوں پر نظر رکھتا ہے اور معائب کو چھپاتا ہے"
His research paper is meant to explain the difficulties of translation of rhetorical and implicit meanings of Qur᾽ān into Urdu language as the translation of such meanings of Qur᾽ān is seriously a difficult job for reasons including the tacit relationship of meanings with the words’ structure and because these meanings take effect of social and mental characteristics of a particular group of people speaking a common language and also for the reason that the meanings change their position with the incessantly changing condition of mind and culture. Given the above facts the writer put forth analysis of four Urdu translations of Sūrah Al-Ḍuḥā after having studied their rhetorical aspects and implicit meanings in interpretations of different interpreters. The translations are as under. 1. Translation of Shaykh Abdul Qādir (d. 1233 A. H) named as “Maudihul Qur᾽ān”. 2. Translation of Aḥmad Raḍa Khan Braylvi (d. 1340 A. H) named as “Kanz ul ᾽Īmān fi Tarjama Al-Qur᾽ān” 3. Translation of Ashraf ‘Alī Thānvi (d. 1362 AH) with the name “Bayān Al-Qur᾽ān”. 4. Translation of Abdul Mājid Daryā Abādī (d. 1977 A. D) which is in literary style with attractive language. The writer has highlighted the lapses and shortcomings of these translations in rhetorical perspectives of Qur᾽ān and its implicit meanings and has also underlined the difficulties faced by these translators in a descriptive table. Findings and suggestions are given at the end.
This research was designed to explore the liquidity management mechanisms and practices of Islamic banks in order to gain an insight of difficulties being faced by the Islamic banks in managing liquidity with the ultimate objective of finding Shari’ah compliant way-outs of such difficulties. This research has developed following econometric models (i) Liability Model—that identifies liquidity behaviours of Islamic banking depositors; (ii) Asset Model—that identifies liquidity behaviours of both the Islamic bankers and entrepreneurs; (iii) Liquidity Reserves Model—that explores factors determining the Islamic banks’ optimal liquidity reserves; and (iv) Liquidity DemandSupply Models—that investigate the resilience of the Islamic banking industry by considering different scenarios of unanticipated liquidity withdrawals. This research has found that: (a) Sukūk are the widely used liquidity management instruments by IFIs; (b) IFIs invest their excess liquidity by means of Mudārabah and Wakālah based mechanisms; (c) Commodity Murābahah is another widely used liquidity management instrument; (d) In Malaysia, there are various liquidity management instruments available, which are based on contracts of Bay’ al-‘īnah and Bay’ al-Dayn; (e) conventional liquidity management instruments are debt-based securities, therefore, are not Shari’ah compliant due to the involvement of Islamically prohibited Ribā and Bay’ al-Dayn. This research has found the liquidity behaviours of Islamic banking depositors and Islamic bankers as follows: (a) Islamic banking depositors are classified into the following three segments: (i) depositors with religious motives; (ii) depositors with profit motives; and (iii) depositors with transactional motives; (b) Islamic banking depositors withdraw their funds: (i) to fulfil their transactional needs; (ii) to relocate their term deposits’ tenor for a higher return; (iii) to shift their term deposits into other Islamic banks offering higher returns; and (iv) to place their deposits in their conventional bank’s accounts for a higher return; (c) Islamic banks, on liability side, apply following two approaches: (i) liquidity reserves are maintained for meeting the regular liquidity demands; and (ii) extra liquidity reserves are retained for meeting any unanticipated liquidity demands and for the purpose of safe sailing in times of liquidity run; (d) Islamic banks, on asset side, manage liquidity by: (i) preferring financing proposals of previously well-performed projects; (ii) requiring Rahn (collateral) or Kafālah (guarantee); (iii) preferring short-term financing; (iv) preferring to finance existing account holders; and (v) regularly monitoring the performance of their business partners; (e) Islamic banks would respond to the liquidity withdrawals exceeding the liquidity reserves by: (i) interbank borrowings or borrowing from the parent bank; (ii) selling Sukūk; (iii) withdrawing fund placements in other banks; and (iv) using bank’s equity. If further liquidity is required, Islamic banks would use emergency liquidity facility from State Bank and ask depositors to wait for extra days.