A research work on the assessment of heavy metals induced genotoxicity in the fish by using single cell gel electrophoresis was carried out in two phases (1) acute toxicity of metals to the fish (2) genotoxic impacts of heavy metals on the fish. Acute toxicity of aluminium, arsenic, manganese, Mn+Al, Mn+As, Al+As and Mn+Al+As mixtures (MM) was calculated in respect of 96-h LC50 and the lethal concentrations for the three species of fish viz. Labeo rohita, Cyprinus carpio and Oreochromis niloticus at constant levels of water temperature (26°C), pH (7.60) and hardness (240mgL-1) with three replications for each treatment. Accumulation of the metals in body organs viz. liver, gill, kidney, heart, muscle, intestine, bone, fin and skin of the three fish species was also determined at 96-h LC50 and the lethal concentration exposures. During second phase, the three species of fish were exposed, separately, to 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 and 1/5th of their respective 96-hr LC50, for eight weeks at controlled laboratory conditions. During 8 week exposure, each fish species was analyzed, periodically, for their peripheral erythrocyte DNA damage concerning percentage of damaged cells, cumulative comets tail lengths and the genetic damage index (GDI). After chronic exposure of individual metals/MM, the organs viz. liver, gills, kidney, heart, muscles, intestine, bones, fins, skin and blood of each fish species were examined for the accumulation of their specific metals. During both acute toxicity and genotoxicity trials, the physico-chemical characteristics of water were analyzed on 12 hourly basis for each test concentration. Probit analysis method was used to determine the acute toxicity of metals with 95% confidence intervals. Analysis of variance and Tukey’s tests were applied to determine statistical differences existing among various variables. Regression and correlations among selected variables were also computed. Among individual metals, arsenic was significantly increased toxic to fish, following aluminium and manganese. The three species of fish showed significantly higher sensitivity towards tertiary mixture of Mn+Al+As, followed by As, Al+As, Mn+Al, Al and Mn. Significantly variable tendencies of three fish species for their tolerance limits against individual metals and metals mixture were accredited to physiological variances and their species-specific manner to interact with metals of different nature. This also predicts differential abilities of three fish species to produce metallothionein to normalize the metal load through depuration from the body and protect it against their detrimental effects while living in metals contaminated waters. Among three fish species, Labeo rohita appeared significantly more sensitive to the toxicity of both individual metals and metals mixtures while Oreochromis niloticus showed significantly least sensitivity. The toxic effects of metals mixtures on the fish appeared significantly more severe as compared to the individual metals, depending upon the specific composition of metals in a mixture, concentration and duration of exposure. However, exposure of manganese, aluminum and arsenic in a mixture form presented additive effects towards sensitivity of all the three species of fish. Exposure of the fish to individual metals and MMs caused significantly variable accumulation of metals into their bodies at 96-hr LC50 and the lethal concentrations. However, manganese accumulation was significantly higher while As exhibited significantly least potential of amassing in all three species of fish. Overall abilities of the three species of fish to amass metals into their body followed the specific order: Oreochromis niloticus > Cyrinus carpio > Labeo XIX rohita with statistically significant variations. Fish organs showed significantly variable ability to accumulate metals also. In general, kidney, liver and gills appeared active organs to bioaccumulate metals while skin, intestine, fins, bone and muscles showed the least tendency to amass metals. In general, the bioaccumulation of metals in the body organs of the three species of fish followed a particular order: kidneys > liver > gill > heart > blood > skin > intestine > fins > bones > muscle. The chronic exposure of Al caused significantly greater accumulation in body organs of fish while arsenic amassing was significantly least. The three species of fish viz. Labeo rohita, Cyrinus carpio and Oreochromis niloticus exhibited significantly variable sensitivity towards different concentrations of metals/MMs at 1/2th, 1/3rd, 1/4th and 1/5th of LC50 (concentrations) to cause DNA damage into their peripheral blood erythrocytes, measured with respect to damage cells (%), GDI and cumulative comets tail lengths during 56 days chronic exposure period. The exposure of Mn+Al+As mixture induced significantly greater damage to fish erythrocyte nuclei in terms of average percentage of damaged cells (37.83±1.35%), genetic damage index (1.32±0.05) and cumulative tail length of comets (145.37±4.64μm) while manganese exposure exhibited significantly lower damage as 17.85±0.93%, 0.88±0.04 and 68.95±1.87μm, respectively. The overall sensitivities of three fish species to individual metals and MMs, to induce DNA damage, followed the order: Labeo rohita > Cyrinus carpio > Oreochromis niloticus. The exposure of metals/MMs at 1/2th of LC50 induced significantly higher DNA damage to nuclei in the peripheral erythrocytes of the three species of fish. Moreover, DNA damage increased concomitantly with the increase in both exposure duration and the concentration of metallic ions indicating ROS generation and also the inhibition of the DNA repair that would cause genomic instability and oxidation stress in the fish as metals can also act through redox cycle to induce ROS which possibly cause DNA strand breakage and hence Mn+Al+As mixture appeared significantly more toxic than the other metals/MMs studied during this investigation. The difference in genotoxicity, caused by various metals in three fish species, was dependent upon the extent of metals accumulation in the fish body. Three fish species showed concentration and duration dependent (p<0.05) linear increase in DNA damage under exposure of both individual metals and metals mixture that followed the order: Labeo rohita > Cyrinus carpio > Oreochromis niloticus. The extent of DNA damage in the fish body showed significantly direct dependence on metal species and its exposure duration. Therefore,comet assay appeared as a sensitive technique for the detection of DNA damage in peripheral blood erythrocytes of the Labeo rohita, Cyrinus carpio and Oreochromis niloticus that can serve as biological indicators of metal''s pollution in aquatic ecosystems of Pakistan.
قاری نیاز احمد سرکار حقیقت دے وچ سن اوہ رب دے یار سوہنا خلق تے سوہنی صورت ہر اک نوں پئی بھاوے جیہڑا ملدا ہک واری او ول ول ملنے آوے کرن دعا رب دیوے شفاء سوہنا سائیں کرم فرماوے غم اندوہ سب دور ہوجاندے جیہڑا ملدا سی ہک وار
بہاول نگر توں ٹامیوالی مرشد نے بھجوایا ساوی مسجد ڈیرا لاء کے دین اسلام پھیلایا قرآن شریف تے فقہ فقر دا نالے درس حدیث پڑھایا وعظ کلام انہاں دا سن کے توبہ کردے اوگن ہار
ایڈا چرچا شہرت ہوئی ہر کوئی آپ نوں بھالے دین اسلام دے آپ حضور نے ہر جا دیوے بالے کفر و شرک مٹایا آپ نے ہر جا تھئے اجالے دینی جذبہ ویکھ کے لوگ ہو گئے تابعدار
سادے کپڑے سادہ کھانا خوش اخلاق بتہرے جس تے نظر کرم دی پاندے کردے دور اندھیرے واہ نصیب انہاں دا جینہاں کیتے درشن تیرے یاد تہاڈی بڑا ستاندی دل روندا زار و نزار
ظاہر باطن پاک انہاں دا رزق حلال کماندے آل اولاد تے آن والا نوں رزق حلال کھواندے ہر اک نوں تاکید سی کردے جو در سرکار تے آندے نہ اوہ محفل نہ اوہ رونق کتھے ٹر گئے ہو سرکار
قادری سائیںؔ یاد انہاں دی دل وچ ورمی بہہ گئی ایڈا درد وچھوڑے والا کیویں ایہہ جندڑی سہہ گئی رب راضی تے ہر کوئی راضی جگ وچ گل انہاں دی رہ گئی پر وچھڑے یار نہ بھلدے بھاویں گزرن سال ہزار
The study designed the impact of an interest rate change on the profitability of the banking sector in India. In this work comparative analysis of various profitability performance ratios like ROA, ROE, ROCE, Net Profit Margin Ratio, EPS, etc… and also find out the impact of interest rate on banks profitability with the help of correlation and regression analysis of selected nine nationalized banks in India. The data is collected through various annual reports of selected respective banks from 2011-12 to 2019-20. For the analysis, the data researchers have used various statistical tools like Mean, Ratio, Correlation Analysis, and Regression Analysis. This study concluded that out of all selected ratios, ROA, ROCE, Net Profit Margin Ratio, Net Interest Income/Total assets, Net Interest Margin Ratio and Capital adequacy Ratio indicated that null hypothesis is rejected which means there is a significant difference between these ratios of selected nationalized banks during the study period and also found that Bank Rate has significantly impacted on Net Profit Margin Ratio in all selected nationalized banks in India.
The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of government spending on agricultural and economic growth in Pakistan. Furthermore, the study also determines the relationship between direct tax revenue, indirect tax revenue, non-tax revenue and total government spending in the context of Pakistan. Pakistan’s agriculture growth has registered mixed trends from 1972 to 2014. Empirical evidence from developing countries suggests that public spending has a profoundly positive association with agricultural and economic growth. Agriculture is the main sector of Pakistan’s economy, accounts for around one-fifth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), engages about half of the country’s labour force and provides livelihood to 65 per cent of the rural population. The study has utilised time series data from 1972 to 2014. The stationarity of time series data has checked through Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test. Johansen Co-integration test and Error Correction Model (ECM) have employed for the long run and short run empirical estimation. The results indicate a positive association between public spending, agriculture value added per worker and economic growth in the short run and long run. Similarly, there subsists a positive short run and the long run association between direct tax revenue, indirect revenue, non-tax revenue and total government spending. It is obtained from the regression results that public spending on education, road length, number of tube wells and improved seed distribution have a significant and positive influence on agriculture value added per worker. Whereas, the impact of public spending on health was found positive but insignificant on agriculture value added per worker. Similarly, public spending on education, health, and road length have shown a positive influence on economic growth. Public spending on defence has positively while insignificantly influenced economic growth. Furthermore, the findings reveal that direct tax revenue, indirect tax revenue and non-tax revenue are positively associated with total government spending. Based on the regression results, the study recommends the allocation of greater resources to education, health and transport and communication sectors for agricultural growth and development.