The Cholistan rangelands have been on decline due to various stresses and their effects can be visualized on its flora particularly on browse species. Therefore, a baseline study was carried to determine the productivity potential of browses with specific objectives of investigating their floristic composition, vegetation structure, forage productivity, and nutritive evaluation. Total 25 browse species belonging to 12 families and 17 genera were identified whereas Chenopodiaceae, Mimosaceae, and Rhamnaceae were found as dominant families that were mainly contributing to browse cover. In the investigated area two phenological seasons were recorded, first from February to April and second from September to November, whereas December to January and May to August were almost dormant phases. Further, based on economic importance of browses, maximum species were observed to be used as forage/fodder that clearly indicated that this area could serve as potential rangeland. According to phytosociological study, twenty browse communities were documented on the basis of importance value index. Multivariate analysis of twenty stands has delineated three vegetation associations inhabiting the sandunal, interdunal sandy and clayey saline habitats. Soil physio-chemical analysis revealed that texture of sandunal habitat was sandy; interdunal was sandy loam while clayey saline was clayey. Results have exposed that organic matter, and soil nutrients were better at interdunal sandy habitat whereas pH, EC, Na, and soil moisture were high at clayey saline habitat. It was estimated that browse productivity was high (8029.1 kg/ha) in wet season as compare to dry season (5422.9 kg/ha), correspondingly carrying capacity was high during wet season (16 ha/AU/Y) than dry season (24 ha/AU/Y). Moreover, during dry season, mostly stands were observed to be overgrazed while in wet season maximum stands were moderately grazed. High carrying capacity and good grazing status of stands in wet season was due to better forage production. Based on palatability classification, 22 species were found to have palatability to varying degree and 03 species were non-palatable. In palatable species, leaves of 14 species; shoot/stem of 13 species, flower of 04 species, and fruit of 03 species were grazed by livestock, whereas cattle were observed to graze on 07 species; goat and sheep like 10 species each while camel prefer 20 species. Subsequently, nutritive evaluation revealed that browse species were good source of dry matter and protein whereas; concentration of almost all the minerals (micro and macro) was less than required level for ruminants grazing therein. The findings of this study indicate that the browse productivity of Cholistan rangelands was low and fluctuate according to seasons. Therefore, they need proper protection, management, and rehabilitation through ecological approaches. This would be possible with the participation of government and local peoples to make these range resources sustainable. Key words: Cholistan rangelands, Browse species, Floristic composition, Phenology, vegetation structure, Multivariate analysis, Biomass production, Carrying capacity, Palatability, Nutritive evaluation
جدائی کے نیزے پر دل تڑپتا ہے پچھلے پہر کی ساعتوں میں! خوشبو کے ساتھ۔۔۔ہوائیں بھیگی آنکھیں چومتی ہیں روح البیان کی شرطوں میں۔۔۔! خوابوں کے سوگ میں سوسن نسترن! ثنویت کی آہٹوں میں غنا سطیت کی سانسیں سمو رہی ہیں زرتشت، گوتم، عیسیٰؑ صدیوں پہلے۔۔۔! دائم ’’فارقلیط‘‘ کا صحیفہ پڑھ کر سنا گئے پھر بھی آبنائے محبت میں تیرتے بجروں کے بادباں پر۔۔۔! اک پرندہ۔۔۔! معصوم موسموں کے صحیفوں کی آہٹیں بولتا رہتا ہے ہجر کے صحرا میں دل تڑپتے ہوئے! روغن چشم سے چراغ روشن کرتے ہوئے! معتبر علامتوں کو جدائی کی میزان پر تولتا رہتا ہے
This study discusses the strategy of strengthening religious education in Qurrota A'yun Islamic Elementary School (SDIT) in Marawola Subdistrict, Sigi Regency, with the problem is how the model of religious education learning in Qurrota A'yun Islamic Elementary School (SDIT) in Marawola Subdistrict, Sigi Regency. What is the strategy of strengthening religious education in the Integrated Islamic Elementary School (SDIT) Qurrota A’yun Marawola District Sigi Regency. This study used qualitative research methods. The research results are a model of religious education learning in SDIT Qurrota A’yun is to implement an integrated curriculum, namely between religious and general subjects, where the curriculum is designed by integrating Islamic values in learning activities. While the strategy of strengthening religious education at SDIT Qurrota A’yun was carried out in two activities namely learning and habituation. Learning activities are carried out through curricular learning and extracurricular learning.
Environmental issues have gained remarkable attention in last two decades. The meager voice raised in early 70’s regarding environmental protection has become the worldwide recognized green marketing campaign. Environmental issues not only got attention of the civil society but also proved to be the most important marketing opportunity for the marketers in the developed countries. Environmental issues has also forced the governments and regulatory authorities to formulate the eco-friendly rules and regulations. Apparently quite less work has been done on green marketing in the developing countries. The conceptual framework developed for this study is to investigate the factors affecting the green purchase intention and actual green purchase behavior in developing countries. Based on theory of reason action (TRA), theory of planned behavior (TPB), in conjugation with attribution theory and using media as influencer, it was tired to analyze the values and attitude influencing the green purchase intention (GPI) and actual green purchase behavior (GPB).The study empirically tested the impact of media, perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE), Environmental concern (EC), Internal environmental locus of control (INELOC), External environmental locus of control (EXELOC) on behavioral intention and actual purchase behavior related to green products. A self-administrated questionnaire was used to conduct this quantitative study and all the variables were measured by using well established measurement scales. The sample size used in the study was five hundred eighty-four and the respondents were selected by using purposive sampling technique. The hypothesized causal relationships were tested by structure equation modeling (SEM) and Analysis of moment structure (AMOS) version 21 is used to perform the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and path analysis. The findings of the study revealed that media significantly influence the perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE), environmental concern (EC), internal environmental locus of control (INELOC) and external environmental locus of control (EXELOC). It was also reported that perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE), internal environmental locus of control (INELOC) and external environmental locus of control (EXELOC) had a significant impact on the green purchase intention (GPI), but environmental concern (EC) had no significant impact on green purchase intention (GPI). The result finding also validates the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in the context of developing countries that Green purchase intention (GPI) has significant impact on green purchase behavior (GPB). Awareness campaigns should be run for green products to enhance the public awareness regarding environmental issues. Media can play a very vital role for the adoption and acceptance of green products. Regulatory authorities and government should make and enforce laws to protect the environment. Government should make environmental friendly policies, subsidize the green product and offer incentives for the producers of the green products. Companies should also take this green revolution as an opportunity to win the consumer heart and dollars. Firms should focus on R&D for green alternatives and offer green substitute for conventional products to get the first mover advantage, as seemingly future is bright for the green products only.