Home > Assessment of Selected Toxic Heavy Metals in Industrial Effluents and Drinking Water and Their Effects on the Vegetation and Nutritional Status of Peshawar
Assessment of Selected Toxic Heavy Metals in Industrial Effluents and Drinking Water and Their Effects on the Vegetation and Nutritional Status of Peshawar
The purpose of the present study was to find out the points sources of mercury and arsenic pollution of drinking and irrigation water, their downstream dilution in the industrialized area, Peshawar the capital of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Samples of effluents, soil and water were collected from the study area, background area and from the relatively less polluted area the district Dir lower considered as control area. Along with other physicochemical parameters determination of these samples, Hg was determined by cold vapor generation techniques while arsenic was determined by electro thermal atomic absorption technique. The data was compared with the water quality data of background area, control area, national, WHO and some international drinking water quality standards. The results showed that some parameters i.e.TDS, DO, pH and hardness were out of the permissible levels while some are within the range. Arsenic and mercury was determined in nearly all the samples, with higher concentration in the effluents. Textile industries and glass factory were found to be the majors contributing sources of Hg and As pollution. Downstream dilution of these contaminants was also observed. Multivariate and univariate statistical techniques i.e., cluster analysis PCA, regression and correlation analysis, one way ANOVA were applied to the metal data of effluents soil and ground water to point out the contribution of different industries towards the metals pollution, their source identification and distribution. The samples were collected from different industries and different downstream points of the main effluents and from the relatively less polluted area considered as control area. The samples were analyzed for metal concentration levels by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The, metal concentration data in the three media of the polluted area was compared with background data and control data as well as with the WHO safe limits. The results showed that soil has high metals concentration compared to effluents and water. The data also showed elevated levels of Mn and Pb in water that are 8.268 and 2.971mg/L respectively. Principal component analysis along with regression analysis showed that the elevated levels of metals in the effluents contaminate adjacent soil and ultimately the ground water. The other elements Co, Cd, Ni and Cu were also found to have correlation in the three media. xFood crops irrigated with wastewater are mostly contaminated with heavy metals and considered as a main pathway for human exposure. In this study, soil and food crops samples were collected from wastewater irrigated soils, background and relatively less polluted areas. Results of the sequential extraction and total metals concentrations in soils indicated that wastewater irrigation has significantly increased (p≥0.001) the bioavailable and total metal contents in wastewater irrigated soil as compared to background and control soils. Heavy metal concentrations in the food crops grown on wastewater irrigated soil were higher than those grown on background and control soils but were found within WHO/FAO permissible limits except for Zn. Health risk index values were less than 1 for both control and wastewater irrigated soils (except Mn). Finally, the food crops grown on wastewater irrigated area can cause human health risks in the study area. This study was conducted to investigate the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in human’s blood from different sources. Blood samples were collected from different age group subjects such as children (1-12 years), adolescent (12-18 years), adults (18-45 years) and old age (above 45 and 55 years for males and females, respectively) from polluted and control areas. Forage grasses, meat and milk samples were also collected from the study area. The results revealed that the contaminated forage grasses have led to increase the concentrations of metals in meat and milk. The subsequent uses of meat, milk and food crops were significantly increased the concentrations of trace metals in the human’s blood. This was further supported by correlation and regression analyses of the data. Moreover, Cu, Zn and Mn concentrations were significantly higher (p <0.05) in the blood samples collected from the polluted site as compared to control. Similar trends were also observed between the different age groups within the same area. Old people accumulated high concentrations of metals in their bodies as compared to the younger ones. Similarly, males accumulated higher concentrations of metals as compared to females. The anthropometric data provides valuable information regarding the nutritional status of the people. In order to asses and compare the nutritional status of the people from Peshawar and Dir data was taken for the measurement of Body Mass index (BMI).The BMI values indicated that mostly males and females from both the areas were normal, only a few percent of the people were underweight, very less were overweight and negligible were obese. Comparing the nutritional status based on the BMI xiof the people the males individual from Dir were found healthier than the people from Peshawar. This healthier nature can be attributed to the strong muscular activities, including, farming, labor, etc in the area. Underweight females were also very less in percentage in Dir as compared to Peshawar which may be due to socio-economic conditions of the people. Only 2 % females in Dir were found obese which can be explained in terms of luxurious life due to large families, where work is done by the younger ones allowing the elders just for praying and supervision of the household. The data indicated that the people were of different age, height and weight. Only few dwarf cases were noticed in the individuals from both the areas.
ایمان لانے کے بعد انسان پر سب سے پہلے عبادت کا ادا کرنا لازم ہے ہر مذہب میں عبادت کا ایک خاص طریقہ ہوتا ہے جو مخصوص طریقے کے ساتھ ادائیگی کا حکم دیا جاتا ہے اسی طرح اسلام میں بھی نماز، روزہ، حج اور زكوة عبادات کی مختلف طرق ہیں اصل عبادت کی غایت یہ ہے کہ معبود صرف اللہ تبارک وتعالیٰ ہی کو ماننا ، صرف اسی کی عبادت کرنا ہر چیز میں اسی سے مدد طلب کرنا اسی کو حاجت روا اور مشکل کشا سمجھنا اسی کو مالک، خالق اور رب تسلیم کرنا اسی سے التجاء کرنا، ہر چیز کے لئے اسی کو پکارنا اور یہ یقین رکھنا کہ اللہ کے سوا کسی کے دائرہ اختیار میں کوئی چیز نہیں ہے اگر وہ نفع پہنچانا چاہے تو اسے کوئی روکنے والا نہیں ہے اور اگر ضرر پہنچائے تو اس کو کوئی ہٹانے والا نہیں ہے ہر طرح کی عبادت مثلاً قیام، رکوع، سجدہ صرف اسی کے لئے خاص ہے اور کسی اور کے سامنے جھکنا جائز نہیں۔
انسانوں سے اللہ تعالیٰ نے انکی تخلیق سے پہلے ایک وعدہ لیا تھا جس کا ذکر قرآن مجید میں یوں مذکور ہے:
Islamic concept about Jihad is very different as what is interpreted by the western scholars. This Jihad is not only the name of giving just his own life but to a specific purpose, which is only to create peace and to prevent cruelty and injustice in the society. There are several verses of Quran and Hadith, which explore this concept, but Islam also regulates the rules and regulation for this. To explain the misconception about Jihad, some points have been explored in this research article to guide the people effectively that how jihad should be conducted, while other activities named as “jihad” and an activist intending to take part in such activities might not be counted as a “martyr”. So the important points to be kept in mind are: · In Islam the martyr has a very great value, but in specific terms. · Martyr in Islam is not simply means of giving life. · There are some rules and regulations that must to be followed, i. E., a person must be a Muslim and his intention is only for Allah, and not for his worldly desires, and he follow the rules what Islam justified for the war. · His jihad will not be accepted without the permission of his parents or if he dies in the state of sin etc. · Islam does not allow killing innocent persons, Muslims or non-Muslims, without caring the color and caste, if he does so he would be answerable to Allah.
This thesis has two principal objectives. Firstly, to obtain exact solutions for some non-Newtonian fluids of rate and differential type including second grade fluids, generalized Oldroyd-B fluids, Burgers’ fluids, and generalized Burgers’ fluids. Secondly, to study the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and porosity effects on such fluids. More precisely, the basic aim is to find the velocity field and the shear stresses corresponding to the unsteady motion of rate and differential type fluids through porous media in different situations in the presence of magnetic field. The flows induced by oscillating shear stress and oscillating velocity on the boundary have been studied. The partial differential equations obtained from the mathematical formulation of these problems have been solved using analytic techniques, i.e., the Laplace transform, Fourier transform, and Hankel transform. The obtained solutions satisfy all the imposed initial and boundary conditions. The similar solutions for some simpler non-Newtonian and Newtonian fluids, have been obtained as limiting cases of general solutions. By means of graphical illustrations, the influence of magnetic and porosity parameters, effect of various parameters on the steady-state and transient velocity contributions have been presented and discussed.