Search or add a thesis

Advanced Search (Beta)
Home > Assessment of Selected Toxic Heavy Metals in Industrial Effluents and Drinking Water and Their Effects on the Vegetation and Nutritional Status of Peshawar

Assessment of Selected Toxic Heavy Metals in Industrial Effluents and Drinking Water and Their Effects on the Vegetation and Nutritional Status of Peshawar

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Jan, Fazal Akbar

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Peshawar

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2011

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Chemistry

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/389

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725548139

Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.

Similar


The purpose of the present study was to find out the points sources of mercury and arsenic pollution of drinking and irrigation water, their downstream dilution in the industrialized area, Peshawar the capital of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Samples of effluents, soil and water were collected from the study area, background area and from the relatively less polluted area the district Dir lower considered as control area. Along with other physicochemical parameters determination of these samples, Hg was determined by cold vapor generation techniques while arsenic was determined by electro thermal atomic absorption technique. The data was compared with the water quality data of background area, control area, national, WHO and some international drinking water quality standards. The results showed that some parameters i.e.TDS, DO, pH and hardness were out of the permissible levels while some are within the range. Arsenic and mercury was determined in nearly all the samples, with higher concentration in the effluents. Textile industries and glass factory were found to be the majors contributing sources of Hg and As pollution. Downstream dilution of these contaminants was also observed. Multivariate and univariate statistical techniques i.e., cluster analysis PCA, regression and correlation analysis, one way ANOVA were applied to the metal data of effluents soil and ground water to point out the contribution of different industries towards the metals pollution, their source identification and distribution. The samples were collected from different industries and different downstream points of the main effluents and from the relatively less polluted area considered as control area. The samples were analyzed for metal concentration levels by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The, metal concentration data in the three media of the polluted area was compared with background data and control data as well as with the WHO safe limits. The results showed that soil has high metals concentration compared to effluents and water. The data also showed elevated levels of Mn and Pb in water that are 8.268 and 2.971mg/L respectively. Principal component analysis along with regression analysis showed that the elevated levels of metals in the effluents contaminate adjacent soil and ultimately the ground water. The other elements Co, Cd, Ni and Cu were also found to have correlation in the three media. xFood crops irrigated with wastewater are mostly contaminated with heavy metals and considered as a main pathway for human exposure. In this study, soil and food crops samples were collected from wastewater irrigated soils, background and relatively less polluted areas. Results of the sequential extraction and total metals concentrations in soils indicated that wastewater irrigation has significantly increased (p≥0.001) the bioavailable and total metal contents in wastewater irrigated soil as compared to background and control soils. Heavy metal concentrations in the food crops grown on wastewater irrigated soil were higher than those grown on background and control soils but were found within WHO/FAO permissible limits except for Zn. Health risk index values were less than 1 for both control and wastewater irrigated soils (except Mn). Finally, the food crops grown on wastewater irrigated area can cause human health risks in the study area. This study was conducted to investigate the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in human’s blood from different sources. Blood samples were collected from different age group subjects such as children (1-12 years), adolescent (12-18 years), adults (18-45 years) and old age (above 45 and 55 years for males and females, respectively) from polluted and control areas. Forage grasses, meat and milk samples were also collected from the study area. The results revealed that the contaminated forage grasses have led to increase the concentrations of metals in meat and milk. The subsequent uses of meat, milk and food crops were significantly increased the concentrations of trace metals in the human’s blood. This was further supported by correlation and regression analyses of the data. Moreover, Cu, Zn and Mn concentrations were significantly higher (p <0.05) in the blood samples collected from the polluted site as compared to control. Similar trends were also observed between the different age groups within the same area. Old people accumulated high concentrations of metals in their bodies as compared to the younger ones. Similarly, males accumulated higher concentrations of metals as compared to females. The anthropometric data provides valuable information regarding the nutritional status of the people. In order to asses and compare the nutritional status of the people from Peshawar and Dir data was taken for the measurement of Body Mass index (BMI).The BMI values indicated that mostly males and females from both the areas were normal, only a few percent of the people were underweight, very less were overweight and negligible were obese. Comparing the nutritional status based on the BMI xiof the people the males individual from Dir were found healthier than the people from Peshawar. This healthier nature can be attributed to the strong muscular activities, including, farming, labor, etc in the area. Underweight females were also very less in percentage in Dir as compared to Peshawar which may be due to socio-economic conditions of the people. Only 2 % females in Dir were found obese which can be explained in terms of luxurious life due to large families, where work is done by the younger ones allowing the elders just for praying and supervision of the household. The data indicated that the people were of different age, height and weight. Only few dwarf cases were noticed in the individuals from both the areas.
Loading...
Loading...

Similar Books

Loading...

Similar Chapters

Loading...

Similar News

Loading...

Similar Articles

Loading...

Similar Article Headings

Loading...

3۔اسلامی نظام تعلیم

نظام تعلیم سے مراد تعلیم سے متعلقہ عناصر کا ایسا مجموعہ ہے جو باہمی طور پر مربوط اور منظم اندازمیں تسلسل کے ساتھ مقاصد کےٍ حصول کے لیے ایک یونٹ کی شکل میں کام کرتا ہے۔ اس کے عناصرمندرجہ ذیل ہیں : فلسفہ حیات، نظریہ حیات، مقاصدتعلیم، نصاب ، طریقہ ہائے تدریس، تربیت اساتذہ ، امتحانات ، انتظامیات اورتحقیق وغیرہ۔ ریاستی انتظام و انصرام کو بہتر طور پر چلانے کے لیے اہل اور تجربہ کار افراد کا وجود لازمی امر ہے ۔اس تناظر میں ریاست میں بہترین تعلیمی نظام کا ہونا ضروری ہےاور تعلیم وہ اجتماعی عمل ہے جس کے ذریعے معاشرہ نوخیز نسلوں کو اسلامی تصور حیات سکھاتا ہے۔ اسلامی عقائد وا قدار ان کے اذہان میں راسخ کرتاہے اور اسلامی افکار کی روشنی میں آداب زندگی اور اخلاق کی تربیت دیتا ہے۔ اسلام نے مردوں کے ساتھ ساتھ عورتوں کی تعلیم و تر بیت پر زور دیا تاکہ معاشرے کی تعمیر و ترقی میں صحیح طورپر عورت اپنا کردار ادا کر سکے ۔ رسول اللہ ﷺ پر وحی کی ابتدا "اقرا" سے ہوئی۔لہذا اسلام کو ماننے والوں کو تعلیم و تربیت سے ضرور آراستہ ہونا پڑے گا۔ اسی وجہ سے رسول اللہ ﷺ نے صحابہ کرام کی تعلیم و تربیت پر زور دیا اور اس سے متعلق آپ ﷺ نے ارشاد فرمایا
"طلب العلم فريضة على كل مسلم۔ "355
"علم کی طلب ہر مسلمان پر فرض ہے ۔ "
اس بات پرالبتہ اہل علم کا اختلاف ہے کہ کون سا علم حاصل کرنا فرض ہے اور کون سا مستحب ۔ اس حوالے سے آپ ﷺ نے ارشادفرمایا
"بني الإسلام على خمس شهادة أن لا إله إلا الله وأن محمدا رسول الله وإقام الصلاة وإيتاء الزكاة والحج وصوم رمضان۔ "356
"اسلام کی بنیاد پانچ چیزوں پر ہے اس بات کی گواہی دینا کہ اللہ...

Hukum Keluarga Islam Melayu di Brunei Darussalam

Hukum keluarga merupakan inti syari’ah dan memiliki posisi penting dalam Islam. Umat Islam beranggapan bahwa hukum keluarga merupakan pintu gerbang untuk mendalami agama Islam. Karena itulah hukum keluarga diakui sebagai dasar dalam pembentukan masyarakat Muslim. Secara global disebutkan hanya dalam hukum keluarga, syari’at Islam berlaku bagi banyak bahkan seluruh umat Islam di dunia.Namun, perkembangan zaman serta perubahan kondisi dalam kehidupan membuat hukum yang telah ditetapkan dalam Nash atau Ulama-ulama fikih mengalami pembaharuan. Pembaharuan hukum keluarga di berbagai negara Islam tidak lepas dari dinamika reformasi yang ingin melakukan unifikasi hukum baik untuk menyatukan dua madzhab besar (Sunni dan syi’i) atau menyatukan berbagai agama. Salah satu negara di Asia Tenggara yang melakukan pembaharuan hukum keluarga adalah Brunei Darussalam. Dalam MIB (Melayu Islam Beraja) yang merupakan ideologi negara Brunei Darussalam termaktub di dalamnya penetapan ahl Sunnah wal jama’ah (dari sisi akidahnya) dan madzhab Syafi’i (dari sisi fikihnya). Tuntutan melakukan pengembangan dan pembaharuan terhadap hukum keluarga akibat perkembangan zaman Akan terus dilakukan jika dirasa ketentuan hukum klasik sudah tidak dapat menyelesaikan permasalahan di era modern ini.

Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Ciliary Induced Flow of Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids

The present thesis deals with a mathematical study of ciliary induced flows of various non- Newtonian fluids through a planar channel and in an axially symmetric tube. The main motivation of the present research work is concerned with an investigation of the propulsion mechanics of ciliary induced flows of some biological fluids through certain physiological systems of the human body. In particular, we want to study the role.of ciliary movement in the transport of spermatic fluids through the ductuli efferentes of male reproduction system in the human beings through mathematical modeling. The spermatic fluids or the efferent duct materials are assumed as Casson, Carreau, micropolar, hydromagnetic conducting Newtonian fluids and the geometry of the ductus efferentes of the human male reproduction system is approximated with a planar channel of uniform dimensions and an axially symmetric uniform cylinderical tube. The mathematical equations governing the flow of the present problem are formulated in Cartesian and axisymmetric cylindrical coordinate systems. These are highly nonlinear and coupled partial differential equations. However, implication of the well known creeping flow approximation along with the long wavelength assumption permits us to obtain closed form exact solutions for the resulting simplifying system of equations governing the flow problems. This is a valid approach for the low Reynolds number flows and is widely used in the literature of physiological dynamics. The flow is produced under the action of ciliary beating that generates a metachronal wave and the analysis is made in the wave frame travelling at the speed of metachronal wave in the direction of flow. Exact solutions for velocity components, axial. pressure.gradient and the stream. function are obtained. For Carreau fluid model the governing system of equations is.reduced to a.system of nonlinear but ordinary differential equations by employing the creeping flow i.e., the low Reynolds number assumption along with the long wavelength approximation. In this case, we utilize the well known regular perturbation method to tackle the nonlinear.terms of the governing system of equations. Consequently, series form solutions for the stream.function, the velocity.distributions and the pressure.gradient are computed. In last two chapters, we have investigated the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) effects on the ciliary induced flows by assuming that the efferent duct material is a conducting fluid. The applications of magnetohydrodynamics principles in physiological-type flows have been the subject of intensive research and study during the last few years. The study of MHD effects on the flow of spermatic fluids through the ductus efferents is a relatively new aspect of the problem. We have studied the problem theoretically through a mathematical model. The quantities of physical interest like the pumping characteristics, the ciliary trapping phenomenon, the axial pressure gradient, the velocity distribution and the volume flow rates are discussed in this study. Extensive analytical and numerical computations are carried out to obtain the results of various flow characteristics of physiological interest. The influence of pertinent parameters on the analytical results obtained by these models are analyzed and discussed through graphs. The numerical values of the volumetric flow rate obtained by the proposed models of our study are ix also compared with the experimentally estimated value of the flow rate of the human semen, 6´10-3 mlh . This estimated value was suggested by Lardner and Shack [1] in human based on the flow rates in the ductus efferentes in the other animals, e.g., rat, ram and bull. These values are found to be in excellent agreement with the estimated value as compared to the value obtained by the Newtonian model of Lardner and Shack which was0.12´10-3 mlh-1 .