Asthma and allergy are common and complex diseases often co-occurring within the same individual. Genetic as well as environmental factors such as consanguinity and early sensitization to allergens significantly influence the onset and progress of the disease. Aim of the following study was to investigate the association of environmental factors and selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from candidate genes with asthma in Pakistani population. The studied population consisted of 368 genetically unrelated volunteers. Three SNPs from 2 genes Group Specific Component gene GC (rs4588 and rs7041) and Glutathione S-Transferase P1 gene GSTP1 (rs1695) were selected for genotype analysis by Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), whereas 15 SNPs form Interleukin 33 gene IL33 (rs1412426, rs1342326, rs992969, rs928413, rs2066362, rs996029, rs10815388, rs10975501, rs17498196, rs10975516, rs10975519, rs7047921, rs1332290, rs16924241 and rs8172) were selected for ABI’s Taqman 7900 genotyping. Mean age was 34.04± 16.30 for males and 33.89±13.15 for females whereas the mean BMI was 22.01±4.04 for males and 23.23±5.21 for females. About 68.20% subjects lived in urban areas and 31.79% lived in rural areas. Parents of 87.5% of the studied population had married within their own caste system, 60.05% of which were first cousins. Family history of Asthma was prevalent in 48.91% of the Asthmatic population. Total 60.86% asthma cases were classified as adult and 39.13% cases were classified as pediatric onset asthma, based on the age at which the diagnosis of asthma was concluded. Asthma severity was based on the percent predicted FEV1 and categorized as intermittent (2.71%), mild persistent (0.54%), moderate persistent (40.21%) and severe persistent (56.52%). Total serum IgE levels were 121±2.91 lU/mI for the control population and 584.2±4.61 lU/mI in asthmatics. Males had higher IgE levels (181IU/ml) than the females (99lU/ml). Amongst the atopic manifestations cough was the most prevalent symptom (82.06%) closely followed by wheeze (80.97%) whereas skin allergies were the least prevalent (22.82%). Seasonal variations were reported to be the most significant asthma trigger (95.65%) followed by dust (72.82%) and food allergies (60.32%). Asthma attacks were more frequent in winter season (57.06%) and in transitional period between changing seasons (48.36%). Only 3.80% reported no seasonal correlations with asthma. Smoking asthmatics constituted 11.41% of the studied asthmatic population whereas 62.5% were exposed to tobacco smoke for long periods of time, 51.08% asthmatics were exposed to tobacco smoke but never smoked themselves. Homeopathic medicine was used by 14.67% and 33.69% turned to Hakeems however; the use of complimentary alternate medication remained the most popular (39.13%) mostly due to the lack of side effects associated with such treatments. Total 18 SNPs from 3 candidate genes were genotyped using RFLP and ABI’s Taqman. RFLP was carried out in 2 genes (GC/VDBP, GSTP1). Significant association of GC/VBDP GC2 homozygote asthma was established (OR = 3.14, 95% CI = 1.786 - 5.535, p = <0.001) through 90% reproducibility. GSTP1 Ile/Ile homozygote showed significant association with asthma (OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.347 - 4.043, p = 0.003) in Pakistani population. 15 SNPs from Interleukin-33 were genotyped on the ABI platform. rs17498196 (OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.18- 2.68 p = 0.005) and rs992969 (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 0.99- 2.04 p = 0.05) were significantly associated with the risk of asthma, however the risk becomes non-significant with cousin parents removed rs17498196 (OR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.23- 4.74 p = 0.01) and rs992969 (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 0.80- 2.48 p = 0.23) respectively. These results highlight the importance of consanguineous unions in inheritance of asthma as a genetic disorder. LD analysis between the SNPs revealed strong linkage disequilibrium between rs10975516, rs10975519, rs7047921 and rs1332290 even with cousin parents removed remaining good predictors of each other. rs1412426, rs1342326, rs992969 and rs928413 showed moderate LD which further decreased with cousin parents removed, implicating consanguinity in the inheritance of asthma risk allele.
For the guidance of humanity, God revealed the Holy Quran. It is the only book which is recited the most. Those who read and teach this book have been called the best people. From the blessed life of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) till today, scholars have tried their best to make common sense for the less educated people. And Muhadithin have to bind chapters of "Kitab al-Tafseer and Chapters of Commentary" in their own books. Companions and many commentators interpreted. Some of the interpretations were translated into different languages so that common people can benefit from it. Scholars of the Indian sub-continent also interpreted the Holy Quran for the understanding of common people. A link in the same series is Dr. Muhammad Faruk Khan's "Asan Tarin Tarjuma Wa Tafsir" which is written in simple Urdu language. Dr. Sahib's distinctions on special topics make the reader ponder.
In this article, Dr. Farooq Ahmad Khan's services regarding Tafsir and his distinctions about (Alphabets, prohibited trees, forgetfulness of Adam, etc.) will be examined. Along with the opinions of different commentators will also be present.
Keywords: Qura’n, Dr. Farooq Ahmad, Asan Tarin Tarjuma wa Tafsir, distinctions, Commentators.
Lead is an important environmental toxic waste which almost contaminate the food, soil, water and air, hence, insects could be influenced easily by the lead. Therefore, lead was studied in the form of lead acetate using different doses. viz 0.125 mg., 0.25 mg., 0.5 mg., 1.0 mg and 2.0 mg, inrespect of its effects on external morphology of Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera zonata, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Drosophila melanogaster and Musca domestica at 48 hours post treatment. It was observed that under the influenced of lead morphological abnormalities were developed in the larvae of flies. Morphological changes were observed as elongated wings, de-shaped wings, elongated and folded legs, change in color of larvae, pupae and adults, several other structural abnormalities of larvae and pupae shape were also observed. It is shown that Dipterous flies could present a useful module for the assessment of lead contamination. The effect of lead acetate on proteins of five species of dipterious flies Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera zonata, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Drosophila melanogaster and Musca domestica were also observed through electrophoresis, while Egg albumin 42.7 kDa was used as a reference protein and various proteins of different weights were found altered.