An Analysis of Islamic Economic Model

The aim of this paper is to discuss some economic Islamic models given by some prestigious Islamic economists. The Islamic model is one of the examples for international economies in the starting of new millennium. It has its evaluation in the 1970s as an alternate to conventional banking system. The model is based on profit loss sharing and would not be based on interest. The study will focus on the proposed model and will discuss the issues that the model will be supposed to address. It was also address whether the model is applicable to Pakistan economy or not it will also be discussed. As we know that there is dual banking system in Pakistan. In order to make banking system to be truly Islam, there should be legal prohibition of riba. In other words, riba should be made unlawful and whoever deals with it can be prosecuted by law. By prohibiting riba, it will force the bank to be more creative in offering financing products rather than just loaning money. The study will attempt to show the comparison between conventional system and Islamic financial and discusses whether the Islamic system works smoothly on the economy of Pakistan. It also shows that Pakistan should change its dual banking system in Islamic banking system to change structure change. In addition, Islamic financing contract require real activities to be created. There will not be loans to finance extravagance lifestyle which is the source of bankruptcies among the younger generation. It is strongly recommended that Pakistan should enforce truly Islamic financial system to sustain its economy and avoid another economic crisis in the future.

A Situational Agile Framework to Support Team Coordination in Global Software Engineering

Context: Modern computer systems are prone to a continuous evolution under varying situations such as Application and Organization. The increasing and complex project situations need to employ resources on a global scale that has resulted in Global Software Engineering (GSE), commonly known as Global Software Development (GSD). In addition, GSD teams work round the clock to fulfill the complex and competitive market situation to optimize and decrease costs by utilizing time zones effectively. However, apart from the advantages in GSD, it also entails certain challenges due to distance and time difference such as information sharing, communication delays and lack of control over team coordination that lead to project failure. With the passage of time, the complexity of software has increased greatly. It is for these reasons that organizations are moving from traditional development approaches to Agile based approach as it has the ability to deliver products closer to customer’s expectations. In this study there are two main problems that have been addressed, first and foremost is problem with the integration of two popular trends in Agile practices with GSD and second is formulating a situational method in order to handle the Agile GSD situations. However, literature review suggests the Situational Method Engineering (SME) as a solution for the integration of more than one methods and formulation of situational method. It also arises as a solution when we want to combine two approaches for the formulation of a new paradigm. Hence SME aims at providing method construction techniques by reusing existing methods, practices, techniques and approaches. Objective: The objective of this research is to design the structure of the 3C-SAME (3C _Situational Agile Methods for Global Software Engineering Environment) Framework in order to formulate situational methods to help Agile GSD practitioners to provide a productive solution. Method: In order to design 3C-SAME Framework, we use multi method research methodology. In addition, we use grounded theory to formulate the situational taxonomy. Action Research is also used in order to formulate the Situational Agile framework. In designing the Framework we perform a Literature Review to identify the impacts, challenges and existing issues from published articles, reports, case studies in a structured manner. In the context of the non-structured ad hoc research review, the systematic review is beneficial for the evidence based impact of existing theories, frameworks and challenges. We use the Multi method to design the 3C-SAME Framework. We evaluate our proposed framework through ISO/IEC 9126-1 quality model, case study and experimental study. Result: The results of the proposed 3C-SAME Framework help Agile GSD practitioners in order to improve their performance for Agile GSD managers and practitioners. It is a viable framework which can provide solutions to the well-known problems by applying SME principles. Hence the framework brings improvements in functionality and usability of the software development processes. However, the study is limited to only two agile methods, Scrum and XP, which have been used to formulate the proposed situational framework. The proposed framework is handle specific situations not for general purpose. Keywords: Agile Software Development, Global Software Engineering (GSE), Global Software Development (GSD), Situational Method Engineering (SME), Team Coordination.