The associative, micellar and surface active properties of various EmBn, EmBnEm and of some tip-modified, oxyethylene-oxybutylene block copolymers in aqueous media under varying solution conditions and their interactions with conventional surfactants are reported in this thesis. The tipped block copolymers (Me2N(CH2)2OEmBn denoted as DEmBn and I-Me3N+(CH2)2OEmBn denoted as TEmBn) have dimethylamino and trimethylammonium groups at the end of their hydrophilic blocks respectively. For all copolymers, E represents an oxyethylene (-[CH2CH2O]-) unit and B an oxybutylene (-[CH(C2H5)CH2O]-) unit while the subscripts denote the number average block length. This work is mainly divided in two parts; the first part is related to the associative/micellar, thermodynamic and surface active/adsorptive properties of various E/B block copolymers in aqueous and salt added solutions at various temperatures. While in the second part, the interactions of these polymers with conventional surfactants (anionic, cationic and non-ionic) have been reported. The first part of this study is based on applying some fundamental techniques like surface tensiometry, viscometry, densimetry along with some advance techniques such as laser light scattering (DLS and SLS), mT-jump stopped flow technique and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). Surface tension measurements were used to estimate various fundamental parameters such as, surface excess concentrations (Γm), area per molecule (as1) at air/water interface, critical micelle concentration (CMC) and various thermodynamic parameters like; standard Gibbs free energy change (DG0), standard enthalpy change (DH0) and standard entropy change (DS0) for both adsorption at air/water interface and micellization at several temperatures. Density and viscosity measurements were implied to investigate the effect of various internal as well as external parameters on the micellar/associative properties for the aqueous solution of E/B block copolymers. To calculate the intrinsic viscosities [h] and inter-micellar interaction parameter (KH), viscosity measurements were made. Partial specific volume (n mic) and density of the micelle (ρmic) were obtained from the density measurements at various temperatures. Besides that the hydration value (Wh) of micelle plus shape factor (υ) of aggregates were evaluated by combining the results of density and viscosity. Viscosities and densities data also support the temperature dependent micellization/aggregation and change in the shape of aggregates with temperature. Dynamic light scattering was used to investigate the hydrodynamic radius of micelle (rh), hydrodynamic volume (Vh) and hydrodynamic expansion factor (dh). Likewise static laser light scattering technique was used to determine apparent micellar molar mass (Mw), association number (Nw), thermodynamic volume (Vt), thermodynamic radius (rt) and thermodynamic expansion factor (dt). The effect of E/B- blocks length, variation in the hydrophilic end group, addition of NaCl and changing the solution temperature on various parameters deduced from light scattering (DLS and SLS) are also discussed in detail. The kinetics of micellar aggregation was also studied by using mT-jump stopped-flow technique in the temperature range 20 to 50oC. Most of the temperature jump stopped-flow kinetics results show that mainly three relaxation processes are involved in our micellar dynamic system. The first one (τ1) involves the growth of small micelle and increase in aggregation number within short time upon jumping to higher temperature. The second relaxation process (τ2) is associated with micelle formation/breakup and rearrangement, resulting in micelle with larger aggregation numbers and hence lower number density of micelles. The final process (τ3) is related to further rearrangement of the micelle size, shape etc and also to the clustering of micelle. Similarly, the adsorption of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(butylene oxide) diblock copolymers at the solid-liquid interface was studied using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). The effect of modifying the end- group of the hydrophilic block was investigated by comparing the behavior of TEmBn and DEmBn respectively. For EmBn block copolymer, the effect of E/B block ratio and nature of the substrate (gold-coated and silica-coated surfaces) was also investigated. In the second part, we have discussed the interactions of some EmBn and tip-modified TEmBn and DEmBn block copolymers with conventional surfactants (anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants). In this work we have tried to highlight the type and strength of such interactions by using the some of the experimental techniques such as surface tensiometry, conductometry, LLS and quartz crystal microbalence. Surface tension and conductivity measurements of the copolymer-surfactant mixture were used to estimate the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) and the polymer saturation point (PSP). DLS has been used to estimate the size and types of the mixed aggregates present in the mixed system. We have studied the effect of polymers block length, end group, nature of surfactants, and also the impact of adding NaCl. To know the influence of the nature and size head group of surfactant we have used anionic (SDS), cationic (CTAB) and non-ionic (TX-100) surfactants for our system. DLS results show that there are different types of mixed species depending upon the amount of surfactant added to the copolymers solution. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) has also been used to study the adsorption and interaction behaviour of block copolymers- surfactants complexes at the solid-liquid interface. Changes in adsorption/desorption phenomenon and conformational behaviour of block copolymers in presence of SDS and CTAB are discussed in detail. The changes in frequency and dissipation responses indicate that different copolymer-surfactant mixed structures depend on the amount of added surfactants to the mixed system.
It is generally perceived that Madrassah produce extremism which possesses a threat to the peace and security of the state and to the world as well. Government along with local and International community wants to eradicate extremism and terrorism through reforming Madrassah education. The purpose of current study is to answer the question “why attempts of Madrassah reforms were unfruitful”? By focusing on it, study is divided into three phase such as to find out; different narrative on Madrassah reform, potential barriers in the way of reform and skepticisms associated with reformist policy. The main objective of current study is to understand the problems regarding Madrassah reform through realistic approach by addressing main question what are the challenges in developing alternative narrative on Madrassah reforms and its implications? The main investigation has three driving questions that what Madrassah reform means in point of view of different actors? What are main obstacles in the process of reform? And what are skepticisms about reform? In this qualitative study stakeholder interviews have been conducted. Results of the study indicates that Government narrative with regards to Madrassah education reform is to bring them into mainstream whereas religious community think that there are hidden agendas behind the modernization of Madrassahs. They viewed Madrassahs reforms to dilute the attention of religious sector from religious education to western education. Similarly, it viewed that changes in curricula, financial control, regulatory change, and vested interest are the main hurdles in the way of reform.
The size and complexity of wireless communication networks have grown tremendously over the last few decades. Analysis of a wireless communication system requires computer simulations of the entire communication network, spanning multiple cells with a large number of base stations and mobile terminals. This normally involves complex physical layer computations in order to evaluate the receiver performance with the transmitted signals subjected to interference, multipath propagation, and shadowing. Link to system (L2S) interfacing reduces the computational complexity associated with the physical layer performance evaluation of multiple communication links by predicting the receiver behavior under different channel conditions using precalculated lookup tables (LUTs). This thesis investigates the L2S interfacing for different advanced receiver strategies using various nonlinear mapping functions. Different transmission scenarios such as single input single output, single input multiple output, and multiple input multiple output are considered. Besides using the conventional AWGN channel performance as the reference LUT, the mean of different channel frame error performance is also suggested as reference and the prediction accuracy of both have been compared. L2S framework has been implemented using the post detection signal to noise ratio (SNR) values as the received signal quality measure. The existing L2S work for SISO, linear MIMO systems has been extended to iterative and maximum likelihood receivers, where finding an accurate estimate of the received signal quality which is highly correlated to the receiver output is an open problem and needs to be fully explored. Algorithms for the post detection SNR value estimation for iterative and maximum likelihood receivers have been proposed and their prediction performance is validated for diverse communication channels. It is shown that, the post detection SNR value is an accurate measure of the quality of the received signal. However, for MIMO system with single stream encoding, the accurate estimation of the post detection SNR value for each individual link is not essential, but rather an accurate average value over multiple links is found to be sufficient.