Transition metals and metal oxide nanostructures are promising materials owing to their unique physical and chemical properties such as thermal stability, rigidity, and high chemical resistance. These properties enable them to be utilized for a wide range of environmental and biological applications; including antibacterial and photocatalytic activities etc. This led various research groups to develop several techniques for the synthesis of metal nanomaterials with different sizes, shapes and morphologies. However, it is still desirable to develop new environment-friendly synthetic processes to prepare these nanomaterials with new textural forms for their viable applications. In this regard, a very simple, fast, cost-effective and toxic free self-designed Atmospheric Pressure Microplasma (AMP) technique has been developed for the synthesis of metals (Ag and Au) and metal oxides (ZnO and CuO) nanostructures. In addition, several analytical techniques were used to study the morphological, structural, optical and compositional properties of the synthesized nanostructures. Furthermore, the prepared noble metal (Au and Ag) nanostructures were used for antibacterial applications while the metal oxide (ZnO and CuO) nanostructures were used for both antibacterial and photocatalytic applications. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the sheet-like structures of Ag and spherical structures for Au. However, a change in lateral dimension has been observed with the increase in the precursor’s concentration. XRD showed highly crystalline nature and single phase (fcc symmetry) of the as-synthesized Ag and Au nanostructures. In addition, highly crystalline ZnO nanostructures (nanosheets, nanodrums, and nanoneedles) were synthesized in the presence of different ionic (anionic and cationic) surfactants and nonionic fructose. It was found that the fructose and surfactants greatly influenced the morphology of synthesized ZnO nanostructures. Similarly, highly crystalline sheet-like CuO nanostructures were also synthesized without using any surfactant. SEM of CuO confirmed the variation in the dimensions of nanostructures with precursor’s concentration. XRD showed the hexagonal (wurtzite structure) phase of ZnO and monoclinic phase of CuO. The antibacterial tests of all the synthesized nanomaterials were evaluated against several bacterial strains. Results suggested that all the nanostructures exhibited effective bactericidal activity against all tested strains. It was observed that the antibacterial activity of the prepared samples not only depends upon the shape of nanostructures, but also on the type of the bacteria. This study also demonstrates the photocatalytic activity of the assynthesized ZnO and CuO samples for the degradation of organic dyes under direct sunlight. Results indicated that the ZnO and CuO sheet-like photocatalysts exhibited significant photocatalytic activities against tested dyes after 80 minutes of sunlight illumination. The findings of this research work may prove helpful in contributing towards new studies conducted on applications involving catalysis, optoelectronic devices, biomedical, pharmaceutical, environmental bioremediation and so forth.
آہ! مصطفےٰ کمال پاشا نومبر ۱۹۳۸ء کا سب سے زیادہ المناک حادثہ جس نے تمام عالم اسلامی میں رنج و غم کی ماتمی صفیں بچھادیں، مصطفی کمال کی وفات کا حادثہ ہے۔ مصطفی کمال کا وجود اس زمانہ میں مسلمانوں کے تار عظمت وبزرگی کا ایک درخشندہ موتی اور اسلامی سطوت وصولت کی ایک شمشیر لرزہ فگن تھا۔ وہ دبدبۂ و شوکت اسلام کے قصررفیع کے ایسے ستون تھے، جس کے گرتے ہی محسوس ہوتا ہے کہ تمام عالم میں زلزلہ آگیا، اور اس کے بام و در پر کپکپی طاری ہوگئی ہے۔ وماکان قیس ھلکہ ھلک واحد ولٰکنہ بنیان قوم تھدما وہ ۱۸۸۱ء میں سالونیکا کے ایک غریب گھرانے میں پیدا ہوئے، ابھی عمر نو برس کی ہی تھی کہ سر سے باپ کا سایہ اٹھا گیا، ماں انتہا درجے کی عابدہ زاہدہ تھیں۔ انھوں نے ہر چند چاہا کہ بیٹا دینی تعلیم حاصل کرکے ملّا بن جائے، لیکن جس کی قسمت میں ٹرکی کے مریض نیم جاں کی مسیحائی لکھی ہوئی تھی اور جس کو غازی بن کرعالم میں رونما ہونا تھا، وہ کس طرح اس مفت خوری پرآمادہ ہوسکتا تھا۔ نتیجہ یہ ہواکہ اُنہوں نے فوجی تعلیم حاصل کی اور ٹرکی کے مختلف معرکوں میں اپنی شجاعت وبسالت کے وہ حیرت انگیز جوہر دکھائے جس نے ٹرکی کی تاریخ کو یکسر منقلب کرکے رکھ دیا۔مصطفی کمال شروع سے ہی حریت پرست اوراستقلال کوش تھے، وہ خلیفۂ وقت کوعیسائی طاقتوں کے ہاتھ میں کٹھ پتلی کی طرح کھلونا بنا ہوا دیکھتے تھے تواُن کی آنکھوں میں خون اُترآتا تھا،اور چاہتے تھے کہ ٹرکی کواجنبی عناصر سے پاک وصاف کرکے اتنا مضبوط وقوی بنادیاجائے کہ پھر کسی حریف کو اُس کی طرف نگاہ حرص و آز بلند کرنے کی جرأت نہ ہوسکے۔اس سلسلہ میں اُن کا تعلق ایک ایسی انقلاب پسند جماعت سے...
Plagiarism is a cheating in form of stealing the ideas or language of others, which is morally and ethically crime and it's also an offense. In the field of education plagiarism is an academic fraud, therefore it is considered a theft. In material world the things which belong to us are considered our property; same is the case in academic world ideas, concepts words and work which belong to us are known as "intellectual property". Thus, we cannot use or cite others’ academic work without permission. Islam is the only religion that advocates for knowledge seeking and sharing with others. So sharing useful knowledge is Sadqa-e-Jāriyia. But this does not mean to attain knowledge and overlook the real source of knowledge. In this connection individual has to give credit whenever one uses the work of others anywhere. Hence, if we are using the work of others and do not cite the source and acknowledge the real author, we indulge ourselves in "Plagiarism" or in academic fraud. So in this scenario, academic world copyright or authorship is important. In recent terminology these are known as "intellectual property rights". In present era deceiving and harming of others has become common. In academia, "intellectual frauds" are more common nowadays. The objective of this article is to highlight the Islamic perspective in the avoidances of plagiarism. In this regard, Qur᾽ānic verses and Ahādīth have been used for exploring how Islam has indicated the avoidances of plagiarism. The main theme of this paper is to highlight and explore the Islamic vision regarding the academic theft and current preventive practices in Pakistan. It is suggested & concluded that in Islam plagiarism is prohibited. It also indicates the terms & conditions for the use of academic work of other scholars. There is dire need that the Muslim experts should also revive new Islamic copyright rules and regulation for honest academic writing.
Banking sector enjoys loin share in financial sector of Pakistan and plays pivotal role in financial intermediation. Considering the dominant share of banks in financial sector, we analyzed the association between bank-based financial development and economic growth in Pakistan. Banking deregulations have been implementing in Pakistan banking sector since 1991 in order to improve the performance of the banking sector with the realization that more efficient banking sector is beneficial to channelize the financial resources optimally. During recent past, numerous banking reforms have been implemented in this sector. Considering these facts, this study examined banking efficiency and productivity during recent banking deregulations era. Moreover, this study also evaluated the determinants of banking efficiency particularly the contagion effect of global financial crisis on banking efficiency. To find out financial intermediation/development and economic growth nexus in Pakistan, this study used annual data from 1973 to 2009. Three different measures of financial development namely; ratios of M2/GDP, assets of banks/assets of banks plus SBP and banking sector private credit/GDP are selected. Considering the nature of the data, time series econometric techniques are exercised. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration is used to assess long run and short run relationship. The empirical findings highlight that bank-based financial development exerts positive on economic growth in long run when one out of three indicators of financial development – ratio of schedule banks’ assets to assets of scheduled banks plus assets of SBP, is used as an explanatory variable. There is no constructive role of financial development for economic growth of this country in the short run. This shows that there is weak supply-leading role of financial development in Pakistan in the long run. Furthermore economic growth positively contributes to economic growth in the long run when M2/GDP is used as a measure of financial development, out of three measures. Hence, there is also weak support for demand following hypothesis regarding finance – growth nexus for Pakistan in the long run. This study also examined technical, pure technical and scale efficiency of Pakistan banking sector during the period 2004–2009 by using non-parametric technique – DEA. It is found that technical efficiency of this banking sector reduced during the middle period i.e. in the years 2006 and 2007 but increasing trend prevailed in the subsequent years. Scale inefficiency is the major reason for decreasing trend in technical efficiency during 2006 and 2007 whereas pure technical efficiency remained ahead and almost perpetuated throughout the analysis period. It can be concluded that in post reforms periods, technical efficiency fluctuated in the middle period and once again acquired increasing trend. This study also found that banking efficiency is sensitive to the existing domestic macro-economic situation. The empirical analysis shows that banking industry of this country remained safe from negative contagion effect of recent global financial crisis. Moreover, diversification in banking income, market share with respect to deposits and issuance of loans are positively associated with banking efficiency. In addition to that, we evaluated productivity change in Pakistan banking sector during the period 2004 – 2009 by using Malmquist productivity change indices. Empirical results highlighted progressive trend in banking productivity during the analysis period and efficiency change played constructive role in banking productivity change.