Aspidiotus destructor Signoret (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is a very serious insect pest in both tropical and subtropical regions. The pest causes chlorosis, defoliation and dieback on wide range of crops. In Pakistan, both early and late season mango cultivars are frequently infested by A. destructor from July to December each year. Despite heavy losses to mango crops, little information about the seasonal population fluctuation, general biology and management are known about this pest in Pakistan. This study was undertaken to (1) establish baseline information regarding population dynamics, efficiency of native parasitoids of A. destructor and biology; (2) physiological, biochemical and molecular changes in mango plant leaves under A. destructor infestation; and (3) use of gamma irradiation and insecticides for the control of various stages of A. destructor. In the first objective, I determined that the populations of A. destructor built up in July with peak in October to November and lowest from December to June and having a significant correlation with wind velocity and rainfall. Parasitism by Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and an Anagyrus sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on A. destructor reached to peaks in November (13.6 and 16.3 %) and December (14.2 and 14.9 %) during 2011–12 and 2012–13, respectively. In developmental biology study, I determined that males had four immature stages and an adult stage and females had two immature stages with pre-oviposition and oviposition stages; and total developmental span for male and female was 27 and 39.5 days, respectively. Physiological parameters such as leaf area, leaf biomass, chlorophyll a, b and carotene contents as well as total soluble protein (TSP) decreased while proline accumulation increased with increasing A. destructor infestation period. Stress markers like malandialdihyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as well as antioxidants enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) were determined as per their established protocols. Increasing trend in MDA contents indicated lipid peroxidation while up regulation of antioxidants enzymes revealed a well- defined defense response to scale insects infestation in the three mango cultivars. DNA (Deoxyribonucliec acid) damage study was conducted by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique using different markers. This technique confirmed that RAPD is a very effective tool in investigating genotoxicity caused by A. destructor in mango leaves. Co- 60 gamma irradiation was used to determine mortality of various stages of A. destructor at Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Peshawar. I found egg stage as the most susceptible and 2nd instar nymphs as the most tolerant stage to gamma irradiation. In large- scale validation tests, a dose of 228 Gy provided quarantine security for all stages of A. destructor on exported commodities. Physiochemical analysis and sensory quality of irradiated and un-irradiated mango fruits were investigated. I determined that irradiation had no negative impact on mango fruit, but rather imcrease it’s shelf life as irradiated fruits retained its nutritional quality and were acceptable to consumer for long time on the basis of sensory quality scoring than un-irradiated fruits. I evaluated eight insecticides against A. destructor, in which highest percent mortalities was recorded with petroleum oil, imidacloprid and pyriproxyfen as compared to mineral oil, thiamethoxam, bifenthrin and profenofos against all life stage of the scale insect. Overall results of my dissertation suggest that management strategy plan for A. destructor may be designed in June-July with focus on crawler stage and insecticides application may be done in July or early August when there is least parasitoid ctivities in the field. I recommend irradiation dose of 228 Gy for 100 % mortality of A. destructor in mango fruits for export purpose. For future study predators, viruses and other parasitiods associated with A. destructor can be explored with quantification of irradiation stress to mango plant.
موضوع 9:مغربی تنقید کے اہم نام پس منظر: لان جائنس کے بعد۱۳۰۰ سال تک خاموشی رہتی ہے اور پھر "دانتے" کے آنے سے یہ خاموشی ٹوٹتی ہے۔انگلستان میں "فلپ سڈنی" ، فرانس کے "بولو"ڈرائیڈن ، پوپ، جانس، گوئٹے، ورڈز ورتھ، کولرج وغیرہ جیسے قابل ذکر نام ہمارے سامنے آتے ہیں۔ ورڈزورتھ: ورڈز ورتھ کا تعلق انگلینڈ سے تھا۔ اس کی ملاقات کولرج سے ہوئی اور مل کر سوچا جو شاعری ہو رہی ہے اس میں کوئی نئی بات نہیں ہے۔لہذا وقت کی ضرورت ہے کہ انگریزی ادب میں تبدیلی لائیں تاکہ مقصدیت کو بھی ہو۔ لوگوں کو فائدہ بھی ہوگا اس کے لیے ماحول تیار کرنے کی ضرورت ہے۔ ورڈزورتھ نے اپنی کتاب"کلیریکل بلیڈز " کے دوسرے ایڈیشن میں ایک مقدمہ یعنی تمہید لکھی۔جیسے مقدمہ شعر و شاعری میں حالی نے شروع میں جو صفحات لکھے اردو ادب میں ان کو بنیادی اہمیت حاصلہے۔ اسی طریقے سے جو تمہید ورڈزورتھ نے لکھی وہ تنقید کا پورا راستہ متعین کرتی ہے۔اس میں انہوں نے اپنا نکتہ نظر اور ماہیت بیان کی۔ انہوں نے بتایا کہ نئی شاعری کس طرح کی ہونی چاہیئے۔اس کے قواعد و ضوابط کیا ہوں۔ورڈز ورتھ کی تمہید اس اعلان سے شروع ہوتی ہے : "شاعری بادشاہوں، امیروں اور نوابوں کے لیے نہیں ہے۔اب وہ دور ختم ہوگیا جب اس بات کا خیال رکھا جاتا تھا کہ بادشاہوں کو جو پسند ہے وہ لکھا جائے۔ اب جو موضوعات اور زبان کا معیار ہے وہ لکھا جائے۔اس کے لیے کچھ اصول متعین کیے جانے ہیں۔انہی پر عمل کیا جائے گا۔ اب زبان اور موضوع شاہی دربار سے نکل کر عوام میں واپس آجائے گا۔" ورڈزورتھ نے جو تھیوری پیش کی اس کا مطلب یہ ہے کہ اب عوام کے لیے لکھیں۔ ورڈزورتھ نے لکھا کہ: "شاعری اور ادب کا مقصد عام زندگی سے موضوعات حاصل کرکے...
Dr Ghulam Mustafa Khan [d. 2005] can truly be said to be a teacher of teachers [ustadh al-asatadha]. In his long and distinguished academic career spanning over six decades, he brought into existence literally hundreds of teachers in his subject Urdu and also created in many of them a taste for critical research that resulted in the existence of a whole corpus of standard critical material. This will endure in academic circles for a long time. It was his common habit to encourage his students, especially those of an academic bent of mind, to enrol for a Ph.D. In the course of which he would proffer them all kinds of assistance even if he were not their research supervisor. As such, the names of Dr Najmul Islam, who succeeded him as Chairman, Department of Urdu, University of Sindh, stands out. Dr Najmul Islam was the editor of a scholarly research journal, Tehqiq, which appeared in over 20 volumes in his own lifetime. Each issue contained scores of critical essays of a very high academic standard including his own [Dr N. Islam’s]. There is also the name of Dr Hasrat Kasganjvi, who emerged as a creative artist and critic of merit later on authoring dozens of books of high academic standard. The list is long and distinguished and contains the names of the major teachers of Urdu language and literature at the main Pakistani universities. Apart from Urdu teachers, the thousands of persons who had the benefit of attending his lectures and courses are also evidence of his intellectual wide-ranging scholarship. Then there is the select circle of his murids who formed his circle of spiritual knowledge and who had proffered their religious devotion at his hands. To these he gave the benefit of his spiritual counsel and advice as well as the vast knowledge he possessed of the Islamic sciences in his table-talk. Among these persons, the name of ex-President Ziaul Haq is most prominent.
The purpose of the present study is to determine the impact of psychological empowerment, work-life balance and extrinsic rewards on employees? performance of banking industry in Faisalabad. The study will follow a positivistic paradigm. The unit of analysis will be scheduled commercial and Islamic banks operating in Faisalabad. The target population is limited to the managerial staff working in these organizations. The sample size of this study will be 380 to 390 participants that will be chosen by using convenient sampling. A survey method research method will be used, self-administered questionnaires will be used to gather data from participants. When data are collected, descriptive statistics analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis will be used to test the hypothesis with the help of SPSS software. The results of the proposed study provide a better understanding about the performance of employees and help in increasing their efficiency. The results provides an insight about the banking sector relating to the opportunity to enhance the performance of their employees.