Cadmium (Cd) pollution is of concern in many industrialized communities around the globe, particularly where untreated waste water is released from industry and cities. The prediction of bioavailable proportion of Cd is of crucial importance for the assessment of environmental quality of Cd contaminated soils. In consonance to this objective the first pot study was conducted on two different textured soils, collected from raw sewage irrigated areas to compare the efficiency of different extractants to extract the bio-available fraction of Cd from soils and to compare the phyto-available Cd concentration extracted by different plants. Both the soils were impregnated with Cd @ 20 mg kg-1 soil using CdCl2 salt. The soils were allowed to equilibrate for 30 days at moisture level just equal to field capacity. Four crops viz. wheat, canola, barseem and rice were grown during the present studies. Different extractants viz. AB-DTPA, 0.005 M DTPA, 0.05 M EDTA, 0.01 M CaCl2, 1 M NH4NO3 and 0.1 M NaNO3 were used to extract Cd from soils and the metal concentration was determined with AAS. Correlation analysis between the extractable and plant bioavailable Cd was done to evaluate the best extractant to represent phytoavailable Cd in soil. Results are quite consistent where AB-DTPA extractable Cd had positive and significant correlation with plant Cd concentration both in straw and grain harvested from sandy clay loam soil. Results are inconsistent for the loamy sand soil as the highest correlation of Cd concentration in canola straw and wheat grains was found with CaCl2-Cd, wheat straw and canola grains with DTPA-Cd, Cd in rice straw with NaNO3- Cd and Cd in rice grains with AB-DTPA extractable Cd. Cadmium concentration in barseem straw significantly correlated with total concentration of Cd in both the soils. Overall, ABDTPA gave more comparable results than other extractants. It is obvious that soil properties play a significant role in the efficiency of any single extraction procedure. Chemical immobilization of Cd with soil-applied inorganic amendments seems important for Cd contaminated soils. To evaluate the effectiveness of inorganic amendments at different rates of application, a pot study was conducted in the wire house, during 2005-06. The experiment included nine amendments viz. lime (4, 6, 8 %), gypsum (5, 10, 15 mmolc Ca 100 g- 1), calcium oxide (5, 10, 15 mmolc Ca 100 g-1), rock phosphate (500, 1000, 1500 ppm of P), diammonium phosphate (100, 500, 1000, 2000 ppm of P), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (100, 500, 1000, 2000 ppm of P), ammonium sulphate (60, 120, 180 ppm), elemental sulfur (5, 10, 15 g kg-1) and sulfuric acid (≈ 5, 10, 15 g S kg-1). Loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils used in the first study were used in this study. Both the soils were impregnated with Cd @ 20 mg kg-1 soil by spraying and mixing CdCl2 in solution equal to 75% of saturation percentage. The results showed that Ca and P based inorganic amendments significantly insolubilized the Cd in soils, as Cd 17 uptake by plants decreased statistically. Increasing application rates of both Ca- and Pamendments performed better compared to their lower rates. The S-based amendments solubilized Cd and increased AB-DTPA extractable Cd significantly. Maximum yields of wheat straw and grain were harvested with ammonium sulfate while values of these yields of rice were the highest with DAP and rock phosphate. Elemental sulfur remained promising regarding the yield of both the crops in both the soils. Minimum wheat grain, rice paddy and straw yields were obtained with the H2SO4 treatment. It solubilized Cd in soils to result in maximum Cd concentration in grain/paddy and straw of both the wheat and rice crops. The amendment effectiveness regarding AB-DTPA extractable Cd, after the harvest of two crops (wheat, rice), was in the decreasing order of H2SO4 > elemental sulfur > ammonium sulphate > rock phosphate > CaO > KH2PO4 > DAP > gypsum > lime for sandy clay loam soil. In loamy sand soil, the order was H2SO4 > elemental sulfur > rock phosphate > ammonium sulphate > CaO > DAP > KH2PO4 > gypsum and lime. The effectiveness of these amendments under field conditions and their economics was evaluated in a field experiment in the suburbs of Multan city. Ten treatments viz. contol, MAP @ 0.2 %, MAP @ 0.4 %, MAP @ 0.8 %, gypsum @ 0.2 %, gypsum @ 0.4 %, gypsum @ 0.8 %, elemental sulfur @ 0.2 %, elemental sulfur @ 0.4 % and elemental sulfur @ 0.8 % were applied in four replicates following randomized, complete block design. The results showed that MAP and gypsum insolubilized Cd in both the surface (0.00-0.15 m) and subsoil (0.15-0.30 m). Higher rates of both the amendments performed significantly better compared to their lower rates. Elemental sulfur solubilized Cd and increased AB-DTPA extractable Cd significantly. Maximum straw, wheat grain and rice paddy yields were obtained with MAP followed by gypsum. A similar trend was obtained for cadmium concentration in wheat grain, rice paddy, and straw for both the crops. Minimum Cd concentration was recorded in soil amended with MAP and gypsum while it was maximum with sulfur except its lower rate of application. Economic analysis showed that there is negative net benefit with the use of phosphate amendments owing to its high cost while gypsum proved an economical soil amendment which decreased Cd concentration below the critical limit in plant (< 0.2 mg kg-1). Among different rates of application, gypsum @ 0.4 % can safely be recommended to farmers to increase yield of crops which will be safe regarding Cd concentration for the health of human, who will be consuming produce of these plants.
مولانا احتشام الحسن کاندہلوی افسوس ہے ہمارے عزیز اور فاضل دوست مولانااحتشام الحسن کاندہلوی بھی گزشتہ نومبر میں شدید علالت کے بعد انتقال کرگئے۔مولانا کاندہلہ کے رئیسوں میں شمار ہوتے تھے لیکن ان کا مشغلہ تبلیغی کتابوں کی تصنیف وتالیف اور مطالعہ کے سوا کچھ نہ تھا۔شب وروز اسی میں بسر ہوتے تھے اور گفتگو کاموضوع بھی بس یہی ایک بات ہوتی تھی۔تبلیغی جماعت کے طریق کارسے ان کو اختلاف تھا۔وہ کہا کرتے تھے کہ تبلیغ تو نام ہی اسلام کوغیر مسلموں تک پہنچانے کا ہے۔ مرض الوفات میں مبتلاہونے سے ایک ماہ قبل علی گڑھ آئے اور ایک ہفتہ کے قریب قیام کیا۔ان دنوں میں ان سے کئی مرتبہ ملاقات ہوئی اورہرملاقات میں وہ اپنے اس محبوب موضوع پرتقریر کرتے رہے ہیں۔میں حسب عادت خاموش سنتا رہا اور بولا کچھ نہیں۔مرض الوفات میں انھوں نے بڑی سخت تکلیف اٹھائی لیکن صبر ورضا کادامن ہاتھ سے نہیں چھوڑا۔ بڑے خلیق اورعابد وزاہد بزرگ تھے۔اﷲ تعالیٰ ابرار وصلحا کامقام عطا فرمائے آمین۔ [جنوری ۱۹۷۲ء]
The use of similes, metaphors, proverbs and idioms is given its due prestige in the annals of literature. To mention their use in the Islamic literature especially in the sayings of our Holy Prophet (PBUH) renders an ease and comfort in order to elaborate upon the Islamic teachings. It not only enhances interest but renders an inexplicable charm to explicate Islamic teachings so as to make them easy to comprehend. The use of figurative language enhances the rhythmic flow and charm of language and thus brings in a huge impact on literature. It is in this way that the proselytization task be done in an easy effective manners.
Agro ecological diversity and favorable environment have enabled Pakistan to harvest bulk of potato crop however facing problems of poor post harvest management practices and unavailability of superior raw material for the potato processing industry. A comprehensive study was planned to identify best packaging material and appropriate storage conditions for the premium potato variety. The present study has been divided in to three different phase to address specific objectives. The first phase of study encompasses physico-chemical, functional and processing attributes in prominent potato varieties. The selected variety was subjected to different post harvest storage conditions along with their processing parameters analysis in second phase of the study. The last phase of study evaluated the storage stability of premium variety under best results identified in the second phase. In the first phase of study, physical attributes (tuber size, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, firmness, specific gravity, total soluble solids, pH, sprouting %, tuber color) Chemical attributes (dry matter, starch, protein, fat, sugar, fibre, ash and predominant minerals) functional attributes (ascorbic acids, glycoalkaloids, total phenolic contents, radical scavenging activity) and processing performance (chip moisture contents, fat absorption, color and sensorial attributes) were evaluated in ten commercial varieties i.e. Agria, Atlantic, Cardinal, Chipsona, Courage, Desi, Desiree, Hermes, Lady Rosetta, and Satellite. In general Lady Rosetta followed by Hermes was the most appreciable variety regarding their physical attributes. Lady Rosetta followed by Atlantic attained maximum dry matter and starch contents. Least sugar contents were recorded in Agria and maximum fat and protein contents were quantified in Desiree. In general; functional attributes were found maximum in Desi followed by Desiree. A promising correlation was estimated between most of these parameters with distinctive correlation (R=0.903) identified between total phenolic contents and radical scavenging activity. Post processing parameters like moisture contents, fat absorption, and sensory evaluation in Lady Rosetta showed its preference over all other varieties followed by Hermes. In the second phase variety” Lady Rosetta” was evaluated under different storage conditions 1 2 (packaging, light, temperature, and anti sprouting agents) on the basis of transition in their quality attributes (reported in 1st phase) and enzymatic (polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase) activities. Potatoes were stored under different packaging materials (jute, nylon, polypropylene, cotton, low density polyethylene, medium density polyethylene, high density polyethylene) at ambient temperature (25±2oC). Results revealed that polypropylene packaging and low density polyethylene packaging were found best and maintained tubers quality attributes up to 63 days, while other packaging materials were also found effective as compare to control. Thirty days storage of tubers under different illuminations (blue, fluorescent, green, mercury, red, dark) at ambient temperature (25 ±2oC) was carried out. Potato tubers kept under dark presented minimum loss of quality parameters however green and mercury lights posed best storage performance over all other illuminations during one month. Tubers were found highly susceptible to fluorescent light with poor processing attributes were recorded in red and blue light exposures. Results under comparative temperature regimes (5, 15 and 25oC) showed maximum storage stability up to 126 days under 5oC, however associated with low enzyme activity, elevated sugars contents in tubers and poor processing performances in fried chips. Exposing tubers to different anti sprouting agents (hot water treatment, spearmint oil, clove oil, CIPC) showed that CIPC and Clove oils applications were found significant in preventing tuber sprouting at the end of 80 days storage. In general, both retained superior tuber characters with remarkable processing characters during the storage period. Tuber dormancy was ensured under both treatments till the end at ambient temperature (25 ± 2oC) storage. In the last phase integrated post harvest management of potato variety “Lady Rosetta” on the basis of best results identified in second phase ensured tuber dormancy and prolonged storage life up to 180 days with appreciable retention of tuber quality attributes and superior processing performance as compare to 100% sprouting observed in control on the 80th day of storage. Coating of potato chips with 20% aloe vera gel presented best results with reduced fat uptake along with appreciable sensorial scores.