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Home > Bioaccumulation of Selected Toxic Heavy Metals Along Rivers of Malakand Division and River Kabul, Pakistan

Bioaccumulation of Selected Toxic Heavy Metals Along Rivers of Malakand Division and River Kabul, Pakistan

Thesis Info

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Author

Hazrat Ali

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Malakand

City

Malakand

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Chemistry

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10254/1/Hazrat_Ali_Chemistry_HSR_2018_UoM_Malakand_02.05.2019.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725576224

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Heavy metals are well-known environmental pollutants due to their serious toxicity, persistence in the environment and bioaccumulative nature. A variety of natural and anthropogenic sources are the main reason of their release into the environment. Contamination of freshwater ecosystems such as rivers with toxic heavy metals is an environmental problem of public health concern. Being persistent elements, heavy metals are accumulated in the environment and are the major cause to contaminate the food chains. Accumulation of potentially toxic heavy metals in freshwater fish causes a potential health threat to their consumers including humans. It is very important to assess and monitor the concentrations of potentially toxic heavy metals in riverine waters and sediments as well as in the resident biota. The present research work aimed to assess the bioaccumulation of four selected heavy metals i.e., Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb in freshwater fish, rice and tobacco along three rivers in Malakand Division and River Kabul, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The different acid-digested environmental samples were analyzed for specified heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb) by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Potential risk to the health of the fish consumers was assessed in terms of estimated weekly intake (EWI) values of the heavy metals and compared with their respective provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) values set by international organizations. Generally, metal concentrations in muscles of the fish from the studied rivers were comparable. Generally, clear trends could not be observed for metal concentrations at different sites of the rivers when going from upstream to downstream. Regarding metal accumulation in fish muscles, generally, inter-species differences were statistically not significant, most probably due to more variance within samples. Generally, metal concentrations were higher in metabolically active tissues such as gills and liver compared to skin and muscles. Based on the current study, consumption of the analyzed freshwater fish species from the rivers was generally safe in terms of potential risk from Cd and Pb but the observed Ni accumulation may pose a potential health risk to regular/excessive fish consumers. Thus, efforts should be made to minimize heavy metal contamination in these freshwater ecosystems in order to safeguard the aquatic fauna and the health of the fish consumers.
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۔مراتب اختر کی غزل گوئی

مراتب اختر کی غزل گوئی

                ساٹھ کی دہائی میں شہرت حاصل کرنے والے شعراء میں ایک اہم نام مراتب اختر کا بھی ہے۔ مراتب اختر منفرد لہجے کے جدید شاعر تھے۔ جنھوں نے غزل میں نئے نئے تجربات کیے۔ یہ ایک حقیقت ہے کہ شاعری کی اساس اسلوب ہے اور اسلوب کی خوبصورتی الفاظ کے انتخاب کی مرہونِ منت ہے۔ لفظوں کا خوبصورت انتخاب کلام میں آہنگ اور موسیقیت پیدا کرتا ہے اور الفاظ کی لطافت، فصاحت اور موزونیت ایک دوسرے کے ساتھ تقابل کے بعد واضح ہوتی ہے۔ مراتب اختر اُردو غزل میں جدیدیت کے علم برداروں میں اہم مقام رکھتے ہیں اور اُن کا اسلوب اس کا آئینہ دار ہے۔ انھوں نے اپنے کلام میں جدیدلفظیات کو استعمال کر کے جدید غزل کو ایک نیا رنگ دیا۔ مراتب اختر کی شاعری کے حوالے سے معروف شاعر اور نقاد افتخارجالبؔ لکھتے ہیں:

مراتب اختر نے جو شاعری کی ہے۔ اس میں رکھ رکھائو، ڈِکش کی ملائمت، نفاست اور مروّجہ شعریت نہیں ہے۔ سب کچھ اُکھڑا اُکھڑا دکھائی دیتا ہے۔ یہ خرابیاں کہ امکان سے نابلد، اندھے اور بے مغز لوگوںں کو گراں گزرتی ہیں۔ درحقیقت مراتب اختر کی خالص خوبیاں ہیں۔(۱)

                مراتب اختر شاعری کے میدان میں لکیر کے فقیر ثابت نہ ہوئے بلکہ انھوں نے عرصہ دراز سے استعمال ہونے والے سادہ الفاظ کو اس نئے رنگ سے اپنی شاعری میں استعمال کیا کہ وہ اُن کی پہچان بن گئے۔ مراتب اختر کے حوالے سے وحید اطہر اپنے مضمون ’’مراتب اختر اور ہم‘‘ میں یوں رقم طراز ہیں:

مراتب اختر کے ہاں گل و بلبل کی شاعری نہیں ہے۔وہ زمانے کے ساتھ ساتھ رہا۔ اس نے دیومالائی قصے کہانیوں کا سہارا نہیں لیا۔ وہ جیتے...

اسلام میں اہلیت اجتہاد کا معیار

Ijtihad is not an ordinary matter, but an important and sensible religious responsibility from Sharia’h perspective. That is why, Islam does notpermits everyone to indulge in, rather imposes some pre-requisites of widespread knowledge, penetrating insight, intellectual wisdom and similar ext ra ordinary capabilities, without which Ijtihad is deemed as unacceptable and unauthentic. Similarly, any such so-called Ijtihad is also worthless which is not based on knowledge and argument. Several threats have been mentioned in Ahadith on such types of Ijtihad. However, acceptable and reward earning Ijtihad is one which is based on knowledge and arguments, fulfilling all pre-requisite conditions for the task. The essential conditions for indulging in Ijtihad are: expertise in Arabic language, deep understanding of Quran and Sunnah, knowledge of principles of Islamic jurisprudence especially analogy (Qayas), God-gifted intellect and wisdom, know- how about demands of contemporary age, knowledge about demanding situation for making Ijtihad, its procedure and about Shariah perspectives in this regard, and piousness. These conditions are agreed upon with consensus. Besides, there are some conditions which arouse difference of opinion, e.g. Knowledge of Usul-e-Deen, Logics, and particular problems of Islamic jurisprudence, etc. Some scholars consider them amongst essential conditions for Ijtihad, while rest majority do not deem them as necessary. Allama Shatibi, in his individual opinion contradicting to that of majority, has allowed for non-Muslims also to do Ijtihad. However, majority of scholars opine that Islam is the first pre-requisite condition for the task, hence non-Muslim is not capable for that.

Possibilities and Practicalities of Enriching the Class 5 English Curriculum

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