The work reported here deals with the bio-assay guided isolation of secondary metabolites from Cestrum nocturnum (leaves) and Cestrum diurnum (leaves and berries). First part of the dissertation deals with the biological activities of different parts of the selected plants while second part describes the purification and characterization of the isolated constituents. Shade dried plant material was extracted with methanol. The concentrated methanolic extract was fractionated with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and iso-butanol and extractive values determined. All the collected extracts were screened for anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant and anti-leishmanial activities. The anti-oxidant experiment was also conducted with all the parts. Crude extract of aerial part of C. nocturnum displayed 57 % antioxidant activity while one of its isolated fractions (ethyl acetate) displayed a maximum of 67 % antioxidant activity. Similarly, the crude extract of aerial parts of CD i.e., aerial part without fruit, green fruit, ripe fruit, exhibited 86, 81 and 90 % antioxidant activities respectively. The hexane fraction of CD green fruit showed higher antioxidant potential (87 %) than its crude methanolic extract. Due to our interest in saponins for further studies, they were selectively isolated and processed in the same way for antioxidant activities in crude form from both the plants. The highest antioxidant activity was found with the CD ripe fruit CS extract (90 %) while the least one was with both the aerial parts of the two plants (approx. 80 %). The results obtained with nine microbial strains were moderate. S. typhii was the most resistant strain. On the average gram positive bacteria showed good zone of inhibition with Cestrum diurnum. Gram negative strains showed good results mostly with Cestrum nocturnum. The crude saponins extracts of berries were the most active giving zone of inhibition in the range of 8.5-15mm. Incredible anti-leishmanial activities are being reported for the selected plants. All the plant extracts exhibited hundred percent inhibition of the leishmania parasite. Second part of the thesis deals with the isolation and purification of the secondary metabolites of C. nocturnum and C. diurnum. Hum-V isolated from C. nocturnum was characterised using different spectroscopic techniques as (25R)- spirost-5ene-2,3-diol, [2α, 3β] 3-O-{β-Dglucopyranosyl (1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl{(1→4)-β-Dxylopyranosyl] (1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside). It was reported as nocturnoside A. Another reported compound was also purified and characterized as karatavoiside A, spirost-5-ene-2,3-diol [2α, 3β,25R], 3-O- [β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)] {-β-Dxylopyranosyl( 1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→4)}-β-D-galactopyranoside. A new compound isolated from the same specie, elucidated as 3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside-olean- 12-en-28-oic acid-28-O-β-arabinopyranosyl-(1-3)-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-2)- β-Lglucopyranosyl-( 1-4)- β-L-glgucopyranosyl ester.
مولانا شاہ وصی اﷲ آہ کیوں کرکہیے کہ۲۵/نومبر کوحج وزیارت حرمین شریفین کوجاتے ہوئے مظفری جہاز میں مولانا شاہ وصی اﷲ صاحب بھی رہ گزائے عالم جادوانی ہوگئے۔ اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔وفات کے وقت عمر۷۵برس تھی۔علوم دینیہ واسلامیہ کی تکمیل دارالعلوم دیوبند میں کی تھی اورحضرت الاستاذ مولانا محمد انورشاہ الکشمیری کے ارشد تلامذہ میں سے تھے۔جن حضرات نے مولانا کایہ زمانہ دیکھا ہے ان کا بیان ہے کہ طالب علمی کے زمانہ میں ہی رشد وہدایت کے آثارطالع روشن سے ہویدا تھے۔چنانچہ ایک مرتبہ ایک بزرگ نے فرمایا بھی تھا کہ اگر کسی کو مادر زاد ولی دیکھنا ہوتو وصی اﷲ کودیکھے۔طالب علمی کے زمانہ میں ہی حضرت تھانویؒ کی خدمت میں آناجاناشروع کردیا تھا۔آخرکار یہ رنگ اس درجہ غالب ہواکہ برسوں کی ریاضت اورمحنت ومشقت کے بعد اپنے پیرومرشد کے نہایت ممتاز خلیفہ اور جانشین ہوگئے۔شروع میں آپ کامرکز ِارشادوہدایت فتح پور تھا۔پھرالہٰ آباد منتقل ہوگئے اوراب گذشتہ چند برسوں سے بمبئی میں بھی قیام رہنے لگا تھا۔ آپ جس درجہ کے عارف باﷲ اورمحرم اسرارطریقت تھے اُسی درجہ کے عالم اور مبصر علوم دینیہ واسلامیہ بھی تھے۔قرآن مجید سے طبعاً بڑا شغف تھااور تفسیر آپ کا خاص فن تھا، چنانچہ روزمرہ کے معمولات میں درس قرآن بھی شامل تھا جس کی پابندی سے سختی فرماتے تھے اور اوراد و وظائف اورارشاد وہدایت کے دوسرے مشاغل کے ساتھ مطالعہ کتب کاسلسلہ برابر جاری رہتا تھا یہاں تک کہ سفر میں بھی کتابوں کابکس ساتھ چلتا تھا، درس یاگفتگو میں کوئی بات بغیر حوالہ کے نہیں فرماتے تھے۔ شاہ صاحب کومعمولی سے معمولی باتوں میں اتباع سنت نبوی اور تعمیل شریعت کااہتمام رہتا تھا۔درحقیقت آپ کاتصوف بجزاُس احسان کے کچھ اورنہ تھا جس کی تعریف میں زبان وحی ترجمان سے ارشاد ہوا : ان تعبداﷲ کانک تراہ فان لم تکن تراہ فانہ یراک ۔ اسی بنا...
Background: Determination of age depends upon physical examination, dental assessment, and skeletal evaluation. The radiological examination of bone for appearance and fusion of ossification centers helps in the assessment of skeletal maturity as the process occurs in a particular sequence which is almost constant for that particular bone. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the age of fusion of iliac crest by radiological examination of subjects of age bracket 17-25 years coming to Shalamar Hospital Lahore Methods: In this cross-sectional study, radiological examinations (Digital X-Rays) were performed to evaluate the fusion of Iliac Crest in 200 subjects of both genders of 17 – 25 years. Data analysis was done using SPSS Version 23. Conclusions were drawn and compared with available results of previous work done in this field. Results: Out of 200 subjects, there were 132 males (66 %) and 68 females (34%). The mean ± SD age of both genders was 20.41± 2.55. There were 93 cases (70.45%) of complete fusion among males, showing 100 % union in the age groups of 21-25 years, while 40 cases (58.83%) of complete union among females were observed during 20-25 year of age groups. The mean ± SD age of complete union for males was 20.67± 2.61 years and for females 19.90 ± 2.38 years, with a significant p value of <0.05. Similarly, a statistically significant difference was observed among people of different socio-economic statuses. No difference was observed among different ethnic groups. Conclusions: The fusion of the iliac crest is not affected by ethnicity. Factors like diet and nutrition directly affect bone growth and hence bone age. More studies should be conducted across the country to formulate a standard in setting up a uniform criterion for assessing the age of adolescents
Salinity is one of the serious environmental problem that caused reduction in crop productivity due to a number of direct and indirect effects in irrigated areas of arid and semiarid regions. Consortial inocula of rhizobial strains can be a competitive strategy to cope with the problem of salinity stress. In this study, a number of rhizobial strains were isolated from the root nodules of lentil and chickpea from the salt-affected fields. Fast growing rhizobial isolates were assessed for their ability to tolerate salt stress by conducting osmoadaptation assay. These strains were further screened for their ability to promote growth of maize seedlings under salt-stressed axenic conditions. Four most effective isolates (LRM- 5, LRM-10, CRM-7 and CRM-7) were selected and their compatibility for synergism was studied. Performance of these four strains and their combination was evaluated in pot and field trials for their potential to improve growth and yield of maize under salt-stressed conditions. After harvesting the maize, lentil and chickpea crops were grown in the respective pots and plots of fields to study the residual effect of rhizobial inoculation on these legumes. Results showed that salinity stress significantly reduced plant growth, physiological parameters, and yield of maize and increased the antioxidant activities of salt stressed plants many folds but rhizobial inoculation improved these, thus reducing the inhibitory effects of salinity. However, their combined application was more effective under salinity. Further residual effect of inoculated maize impart a significant improvement in nodulation and yields of legume crops grown subsequently. These rhizobial strain from different legumes in a combination could be very effective inoculant to improve productivity of maize-legume cropping system under salt affected conditions. However, the degree to which these inoculants impart benefits to plant growth can vary with soil conditions. A combination of rhizobial strains with multiple traits could be more useful under diverse conditions compared to a strains containing single trait.