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Home > Biochemical and in Vitro Investigation of Acorus Calamus for its Pharmacological Importance and Conservation

Biochemical and in Vitro Investigation of Acorus Calamus for its Pharmacological Importance and Conservation

Thesis Info

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Author

Khan, Bilal Muhammad

Program

PhD

Institute

The University of Agriculture

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2015

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6909/1/BILAL%20M%20Khan%20PhD%20Thesis%20%28QEC%29.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725584512

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Various bioactivities of different solvent extracted samples from the leaves and rhizomes of Acorus calamus were performed in this study which confirmed its enormous medicinal and economic importance. The results revealed that these bioactivities were affected by the plant part used and the solvents employed for extraction. This might be due to the uneven distribution of active ingredients in these plant parts and the different polarities of the solvents used. Furthermore, disc diffusion and well diffusion assays used in the study also affected the bioactivity of these extracted samples. Additionally, these results confirmed inferior bioactivities of the commercially available rhizome in comparison to its shade-dried counterpart. A novel, cost-effective and indigenous micro-propagation protocol for the endangered A. calamus was also successfully developed. Shade-dried rhizome showed comparatively more antibacterial potential (from 19.42% to 86.51% activity), followed by leaves (from 18.45% to 82.71% activity) and then commercially available rhizome (from 18.57% to 48.38% activity). On the other hand, this rhizome was only slightly better than leaves with regard to antifungal potential while its commercially available counterpart revealed insignificant antifungal potency. The leaves, however, showed more profound anti-yeast potential (from 43.53% to 93.33% activity) than both the shade-dried (from 47.06% to 73.80% activity) and commercially available rhizomes (from 43.33% to 59.73% activity), and also exhibited better radical scavenging ability (from 74.90% to 98.09% activity) with ethyl acetate discovered as the solvent of choice for the extraction of antioxidants. HPLC analysis revealed that Gallic acid was present in comparatively more amount in the shade-dried rhizome (38.42 mg.g-1) and that butanol and ethyl acetate were more suitable for its extraction from all parts of the plant. A. calamus mediated green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles was also successfully accomplished whose preliminary antimicrobial screening revealed promising results. A novel and cost-effective micro-propagation protocol was optimized for the plant and Tang II (Natural Growth Substances) in a concentration of 20 ml.L-1 was found as the best growth regulator for both shooting and rooting of the explants. Keywords: Acorus calamus, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-yeast, antioxidant, HPLC, Gallic acid, nanoparticles, micro-propagation.
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سیدسجاد حیدر یلدرم

سید سجاد حیدریلدرم مرحوم
۱۲؍ اپریل ۱۹۴۳؁ء کی رات کو سید سجاد حیدر مرحوم نے جو ادب کی دنیا میں یلدرم کے نام سے مشہور تھے، قلب کے عارضہ سے دفعتہ وفات پائی، یہ علی گڑھ کالج کے پرانے تعلیم یافتوں میں اور اسی تعلق سے کالج کے ان چند طالب علموں میں تھے جنہوں نے مولانا شبلی مرحوم کے درس اور صحبت سے شعر و ادب کا ذوق حاصل کیا تھا، مرحوم مولانا کے درس کے اس قسم کے واقعات کو مزے لے لے کر بیان کیا کرتے تھے، ان کا اصل وطن نہٹور (یوپی) میں تھا، ۱۹۰۱؁ء میں بی، اے کی سند پاکر تعلیم سے فراغت پائی۔
ہماری زبان میں اس وقت ادب لطیف کا جو رواج ہے، اس کے پرانے لکھنے والوں میں سب سے پہلا نام سید حیدر مرحوم کا ہے اور چونکہ قادر مطلق کو ان سے یہ کام لینا تھا، اس لئے ان کی زندگی میں اس کا مناسب سامان بھی پیدا کردیا یعنی یہ کہ کالج کے زمانہ ہی میں ان کو ترکی پڑھنے کا خیال ہوا، علی گڑھ میں نواب محمد اسمٰعیل خان صاحب رئیس علی گڑھ کے والد بزرگوار ہجرت کرکے مکہ معظمہ چلے گئے تھے، وہیں نواب محمد اسمٰعیل خاں صاحب کی تعلیم و تربیت ہوئی، اس زمانہ میں ترکی وہاں کی سرکاری زبان تھی، اس لئے ان کو ترکی بھی پڑھائی گئی اور جب وہ ہندوستان آئے تو وہ ترکی ادب کے گویا نمائندہ ہوکر آئے، چنانچہ سرسید کے ’’تماشائے عبرت‘‘ میں وہ اسی ہیئت سے اسٹیج پر آئے ہیں اور معارف علی گڑھ میں جس کے وہ شریک ایڈیٹر تھے، وہی ترکی ادب کی اشاعت کا ذریعہ بنے۔
بہرحال سجاد حیدر مرحوم نے انہی سے ترکی زبان سیکھی اور اس کا یہ فائدہ ان کو پہنچا کہ سرکار انگریزی نے ان کو علی گڑھ...

Overview of the Impact of Unwanted Pregnancy on Adolescent Psychological in the Working Area of Telaga Biru Community Health Center

This study aims to investigate how unwanted pregnancy affects adolescent psychology. The research approach utilized within the planning of this study is qualitative. Data collection was carried out concurring to a foreordained plan. Qualitative data collection uses different strategies such as interviews, perception, documentation, and so on. The information investigation handle is carried out by receiving and creating intuitively designs that incorporate data reduction, data introduction, verification or conclusion drawing. The result of the study shows that the frequency of undesirable pregnancy will unquestionably have an effect on the brain research of everybody who encounters it. This happens since of a few components counting; the calculation of fear of family responses, the figure of fear of future harm and fear of social sanctions that are gotten. 3 out of 5 youths have a positive acknowledgment demeanor towards undesirable pregnancy, whereas the other two have a negative acknowledgment state of mind. Typically, it is due to contrasts within the number of sources of bolster from the environment.

Natural Isocoumarin Analogues, Functionalized Pyrazoles, N-Substituted Dihydropyridinones, Iminothiazolidinones, Iminothiazolines and Related Heterocycles: Synthesis and Characterization

The work presented in this thesis consists of synthesis and characterization of natural isocoumarin analogues and novel heterocyclic compounds. For convenience, the work has been divided into two parts, part one deals with the synthesis of various structural analogues of well known bioactive natural 3,4-dihydroisocoumarins viz. Annulatomarin, Montroumarin, Scorzocreticin, Typharin, and Hiburipyranone, along with the total synthesis of natural products 8-hydroxy-7-hydoxymethyl-6-methoxy-3,4- dihydroisochromen-1-one (Stellatin) and (±) 7-butyl-6,8-dihydroxy-3-pentyl-1H-3,4- dihydroisochromen-1-one have been carried out, starting from 3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl homophthalic acid precursor. The synthesis of 3,5-dimethoxy-4-methylhomophthalic acid was carried out starting from commercially available p-toluic acid. It was then condensed with various aryl/alkyl acid chlorides to afford the corresponding 6,8-dimethoxy-7-methyl-3- aryl/alkylisochromen-1-ones (5a-j). These isochromen-1-ones were hydrolysed to keto- acids (6a-j) and then reduced to corresponding hydroxyacids, followed by cyclodehydration with acetic anhydride into corresponding 6,8-dimethoxy-7-methyl-3- aryl/alkyl-3,4-dihydroisochromen-1-ones (7a-j). Finally, demethylation of 3,4- dihydroisochromen-1-ones was carried out to afford 6,8-dihydroxy-7-methyl-3- aryl/alkyl-3,4-dihydroisochromen-1-ones (8a-j). Biological screening of all the synthesized compounds were carried out against ten bacterial strains, six were gram negative viz. Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella specie, Salmonella para typhi, Proteus mirabilis and four were gram positive viz Bacillus subtilus, Micrococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus specie, bacterial strains, it was concluded that isochromen-1-ones (5a- j) and 3,4-dihydroisochromen-1-ones (7a-j) are more active against gram positive bacteria then gram negative. However, the 6,8-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydroisochromen-1-one derivatives (8a-j) are more active against gram negative then gram positive bacteria. Part two describes the synthesis of novel heterocyclic systems: functionalized pyrazoles, N-substituted dihydropyridinones, iminothiazolidinones and iminothiazolines. N-Methyl-3,4,5-tribromopyrazole was prepared by treating commercially available 3,4,5-tribromopyrazole with triethyl amine and methyl iodide indibromoethane. A variety of N-protected 3,4,5-triaryl-pyrazoles, 3,5-diaryl-4- bromopyrazoles, and 5-aryl-3,4-dibromopyrazoles were efficiently prepared by Suzuki Miyaura reactions. All the reactions were proceed with excellent site-selectivity with good yields. N-Substituted aza-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-1-ols were prepared via Kulinkovich reaction by treating titanium isopropoxide with variously substituted amino ester derivatives in anhy. Et 2 O/THF (1:1), followed by the addition of Grignard’s reagent (isopropylmagnesium bromide in ether). These bicyclo compounds were then stirred with the suspension of anhy. FeCl 3 in diethyl ether to afford dihydropyridinones in good yields. N-Substituted dihydropyridinones were subjected to [2+2] photochemically induced cycloaddition reactions, in order to explore the mechanism of unexpected rearranged product of N-benzyl dihydropyridinone while going through [2+2] photo cycloaddition reaction. 1-[Benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-3-(substituted] thioureas and ethyl 4-(3-benzoylthiour- eido) benzoates are exceptionally versatile building blocks towards the synthesis of wide variety of heterocyclic compounds. These thioureas were converted into novel five membered heterocycles like methyl 2-[2-benzamido-3-(2-benzothiazolyl)-4-oxothia- zolidin-5-ylidene] acetates and ethyl 4-[2-benzamido-5-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene)-4- oxothiazolidin-3-yl] benzoates in good yields, by the direct cyclization of these thioureas with dimethyl but-2-ynedioate (DMAD) in methanol. Ethyl 4-(3-benzoylthioureido) benzoates and 1-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-3- (substituted) thioureas serves as precursors for the synthesis of variety of biologically significant heterocyclic compounds like N-[3-(2-benzothiazolyl)-4-methylthiazol-2(3H)- ylidene] benzamides and N-[3-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-methylthiazol-2(3H)-ylidene] benzamides. These heterocycles were efficiently synthesized by the base-catalyzed cyclization of corresponding thioureas with 2-bromoacetone and triethylamine in moderate to good yields. Benzo[d]thiazol-2-amines, 1-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-3-(substituted) thioureas and ethyl 4-(3-benzoylthioureido) benzoates were examined in vitro for antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria and were found to exhibit good to potent activity as compared to the standard drugs. Benzo[d]thiazol-2-amines and 1- (benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-3-(substituted) thioureas were tested in vitro for their antifungalactivity against various fungal strains and were found to exhibit moderate activity as compared to the standard drug. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were confirmed by physical data, FTIR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis.