Wheat genetic improvement for various economic traits is always a challenging objective for the breeders. It is very crucial to meet the wheat quality and quantity demands considering the continuously increase of population, constrains of land, water and global environmental change. Especially, in the most fastrising markets of China and South-Asia where improvement in kernel quality is becoming much more important than ever, mainly because of fast increase of income and food diversity. The conventional wheat quality traits also require to be evolved by the influx of new processing technologies with much more concern on health aspects. The incorporation of different disciplines like proteomics, functional genomics, genetic transformation, bioinformatics, breeding and utilization of novel genetic resources, is swiftly endorsing our understanding for biochemical and genetic basis of quality encoding wheat attributes. So present project was designed to investigate the existing gene pool in current cultivars of Pakistan and land races and also explore the genetic diversity in Ae. taushcii derived synthetics. The results of phenological characterization showed that land races and synthetics had great potential for yield components as compared to Pak cultivars. In case of land races, LLR-29 and LLR-30 were good candidate genotypes for yield improvement while regarding synthetics SH-1002, SH-23, SH-378, SH-12, SH-829 and SH-905 showed good results for yield characters. For the quality parameters LLR-29, LLR-32, SH-23, SH-423, SH-1002, SH-378, SH-400 and SH-956 performed good during the experiment as compared to existing cultivars of Pakistan. It was also observed that LLR-29, SH-1002, SH-378 and SH-23 had great potential for yield and quality improvements as these genotypes performed their best for both characters. HMW-GS composition and individual allele frequencies showed that in total, 15 x-type and 9 y-type subunits were observed, of which Glu-A1 had 3 x-type ,Glu-B1 had 6 x-type and 5-type subunits and Glu-D1 had 6x-type and 4 y-type subunits. The genetic variation assessed through Nei’s index was highest for Glu-Dt1 locus (0.83) followed by Glu-B1 (0.77) while lowest diversity was observed at Glu-A1 locus which was 0.64. Out of33 different combinations,highest combinations observed was null, 6+8, 2.1+10.5 followed by null, 6+8, 1.5+10 and2*, 6=8, 2+12 observed in6 (11.76 %), 5 (9.80 %) and 5 (9.80 %) in synthetic wheats. Maximum HMW-GS diversity was found in synthetic hexaploid wheats. For LMW-GS, six alleles were found at Glu-A3 locus and nine alleles were found at Glu-B3 locus. Frequently observed allele was Glu-A3c found in 41 (50.61 %) genotypes followed by Glu-A3d and Glu-A3b found in 19 (23.45 %) and 12 (14.81 %) genotypes, respectively while Glu-A3e was only found in 2 (2.46 %) genotypes and was least frequent. At Glu-B3 locus, maximum frequency was observed at Glu-B3h locus that was in 15 (18.51 %) genotypes which was followed by Glu-B3i found in 14 (17.28 %) accessions. While, minimum frequent allele was Glu-B3d, that was observed in only three genotypes (3.70 %). In genetic diversity study by SNPs genotyping, the 90 K SNPs chip had given 35,906 biallelic SNPs, out of which 26,905 SNPs were polymorphic. An average call rate of 97 percent was obtained across all SNPs. Two genotypes SH-551 and SH-843 showed maximum heterozygosity for AB alleles with the percentage of 21 percent and 18 percent, respectively, while their call rate was 91 percent and 95 percent, respectively. A call rate of 98-100 percent with 2-0 percent heterozygosity was observed in the rest of genotypes.
فصل اول: قرآن حکیم میں آیات استفہام کی ضرورت واہمیت
قرآن مجید فصاحت و بلاغت کےاعتبار سے ایک مثالی کتاب ہے۔علم معانی ہو یا علمِ بیان یا علم بلاغت کے ماہرین نے اس کی لسانی وادبی خصوصیات کو نگارشات کا موضوع بنایا ہے۔ فصاحت و بلا غت کی انہی خوبیوں کی بنا پر قرآن مجید کو کلام مبین بھی کہا گیا ہے۔ قرآن مجید میں جہاں ایجاز و اطناب اور ربط و مساوات کے اسالیب نظر آتے ہیں، وہیں تقدیم و تاخیر اور حذف کے اسلوب بھی نمایاں ہیں۔ قرآن مجید کے مختلف و منفرد اسالیب میں سے ایک اہم اسلوب ِ استفہام ہے۔
استفہام عربی زبان کا لفظ ہے جس کے معنی سوال کرنے، جاننے،فہم حاصل کرنے اور استفسار کرنے کے معنوں میں استعمال ہوتا ہے۔ ادب میں استفہام کسی حقیقت سے مخاطب کو آگاہ کرنے ، مخاطب کو غورو فکر کی دعوت دینا، اور اپنی بات کا ثبات کرنا وغیرہ کے معنوں میں مستعمل ہے۔چنانچہ قرآن مجید میں بھی استفہام کا اسلوب بکثرت استعمال کیا گیا ہے۔
As Islam gives a complete code of life, and it has a permanent political system. Rather to this, just as it has given rules and regulations in other spheres of life. It has also given unchangeable laws regarding politics. But Islam did not present a detailed structure of the government but left it to the Islamic Jurists to elaborate the principles regarding the Islamic political system.
No corner of life is outside the limits of Islamic teachings. The Prophet (ﷺ) has provided guidance for every aspect of life through his words and deeds which should be kept in our mind is the guarantee of success and prosperity of religion and the world. In this article we will brief the Islamic political system and solution of modern political issues through the interpretation of the Qur’ānic verses in the light of Tafsīr Sirāṭ-al-Jinān by Muftī Muḥammad Qāsim Qādrī.
Keywords: Islamic Political System Modern Political Issues, Tafsīr Ṣirāt-al-Jinān, Muftī Muḥammad Qāsim Qādrī, Shari'ah
Economic activities of man encompass most of his time and energy. All his life, from dawn to dusk, man keeps striving for a suitable living. Economic activities are linked with banking system in present era. But, unfortunately, the banking system across the world, by and large, does not base on the Islamic economic rules. In this research thesis such prospects have been discussed to see what guidance does Islam provides for the matters concerning to economics. The following question have been taken into account: What is the importance of wealth in Islam? What are the chief centers of wealth today? Do the economic activities of these financial centers consider the religious decorum? If not then does Islam provide us substitution for them? Truly, Islam provides a long list of substitutions, but in this thesis, the study has been confined to Musharka, Mudraba, Murabaha and Ijara, only. This thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter discusses the concept of wealth in Islam, conventional and Islamic banking while the second to the fifth chapters describe above mentioned Islamic modes of financing. Initially, in each first section of all the chapters, rationales of these modes of Islamic finance have been discussed, relatively; in the second sections of each chapter, their conditions and rules have been discussed, whereas, the third section of each chapter consists of discussion on the applications of these modes of Islamic finance such that what Islamic mode of finance can provide substitution for what instrument of conventional banking; moreover, in the present time Islamic banking has been given a review, its limitations and shortcomings are discussed to see how they can be removed and improved. It has been discussed that what are the fundamental resources and Islamic methodology of Islamic banks in the present time and how the best implementation can influence them effectively. This study may help to solve some of the problems in the field of Islamic economics with the grace and the benevolence of Allah Almighty.