Biochemical changes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and healthy pregnant women (HPW) were studied. 103 GDM women and 97 HPW were selected and registered for the study from the admitted pregnant women of Gynea Ward of Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Sociodemographic and other pregnancy related information, including monthly-income, age, body mass index (BMI), parity, previous history of gestational diabetes and family history of diabetes, were collected on a well-designed questionnaire. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), random blood sugar (RBS), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), hemoglobin (Hb), platelet count (PC), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), liver function tests namely alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum bilirubin, renal function tests namely urea, creatinine, and hormones like insulin, prolactin, cortisol, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxin (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were determined by standard procedures using recommended kit for each procedure. The data were statistically analyzed using computer software, SPSS version 10. The mean monthly income of GDM and HPW was Rs.30845 ± 11107 vs Rs.28360 ± 11511, mean age was 34.01 ± 4.54 years vs 30.30 ± 5.86 years, mean BMI was 28.07 ± 2.90 kg/m 2 vs 27.30 ± 1.94 kg/ m 2 , mean parity was 5.44 ± 2.49 vs 4.95 ± 2.43, mean systolic BP was 114.80 ± 17.14 mm Hg vs 107.70 ± 19.40 mm Hg and mean diastolic BP was 86.50 ± 7.48 mm Hg vs 80.70 ± 10.02 mm Hg respectively. Age, BMI, systolic and diastolic BP was significantly higher (P<0.05) according to Pearson Chi- square test in GDM women as vicompared to HPW. The mean FBS, RBS and HbA1c of GDM women and HPW were 111.69 ± 8.70 mg/dL vs 86.59 ± 6.91, 145.45 ± 6.62 mg/dL vs 123.52 ± 9.37mg/dL and 6.58 ± 1.30 vs 4.95 ± 0.45 respectively. The FBS, RBS and HbA1c of GDM women were significantly higher than the HPW (P<0.001). The mean Hb concentration and PC of GDM women and HPW were 10.98 ± 1.12% vs 11.01 ± 1.03% and 226.31 thousand/mL vs 228.14 ± 37.61 thousand/mL. In lipid profile TC and TG of GDM group were significantly higher than the contol group (P<0.01). The mean TC of GDM and HPW was 206.01 ± 18.79 mg/dL vs 195.01 ± 24.15 mg/dL, TG was 190.12 ± 19.83 mg/dL vs 172.13 ± 21.66 mg/dL, HDL-C was 55.21 ± 8.20 mg/dL vs 56.20 ± 8.82 mg/dL and LDL-C was 93.13 ± 18.71 mg/dL vs 88.10 ± 16.36 mg/dL respectively. Liver and renal function tests of GDM women were not significantly different (P<0.05) from HPW. In liver function tests the mean ALT, ALP and serum bilirubin values of GDM women were 30.21 ± 12.47 U/L, 190.55 ± 22.20 U/L, 0.67 ± 0.41 mg/dL while of HPW were 29.64 ± 7.96 U/L, 189.95 ± 21.28 U/L, 0.58 ± 0.17 mg/dL respectively. In renal function tests the mean serum urea and serum creatinine values of GDM women were 23.70 ± 8.54 mg/dL and 0.82 ± 0.32 mg/dL while of HPW were 21.97 ± 6.16 mg/dL and 0.74 ± 0.15 mg/dL respectively. The mean insulin level of GDM women were 33.68 ± 3.69 μIU/mL, which was significantly higher (P<0.01) than the mean insulin level of HPW (29.80 ± 2.80 μIU/mL ). Among placental hormones the mean prolactin values of GDM women and HPW were 135.47 ± 9.83 ng/mL vs 131.80 ± 8.54 ng/mL and mean serum cortisol values were 734.9 ± 51.1 ng/mL vs 719.2 ± 54.7 ng/mL. The mean serum prolactin and serum cortisol values of GDM women were significantly higher (P< 0.05) when compared to HPW. No significant differences were viiobserved in the concentration of thyroid hormones. The mean TSH values of GDM and HPW were 1.72 ± 0.95 mlU/L vs 1.87 ± 0.83 mlU/L, mean T 3 values were 2.51 ± 0.62 nmol/L vs 2.62 ± 0.57 nmol/L, mean T 4 values were 103. 86 ± 14.74 nmol/L vs 105.38 ± 13.93 nmol/L. Cesarean sections (P=0.009), still birth rate (P=0.003) and macrosomic babies (P=0.001) were significantly more in GDM group.
In Western, countries there is a great fear of Islam and Muslims leading to a great hatred which in turn makes them think that Islam is a religion of violence that it allows the massive killing of people. After the incident of 9/11, Islamophobia has taken another turn. In this regard, it is the utmost duty of every Muslim to find the solution to this problem collectively as well as individually. It is therefore necessary, to think of a solution which favors the teachings of Islam without harming the humanity. It is a pressing need of the day that the true picture of Islam be brought forth through practice upon Shariah. We as muslims should play our role in changing the perception of our religion as the religion of ‘peace’ and preserver of humanity.
Molecular topology is an important branch of graph theory which has many appli- cations in di erentelds of life like Pharmacology, Chemistry, Bio and many more. Its objective isnd the topological characterization of molecules in terms of numerical invari- ents named as topological indices. A topological index is very important in application of QSPR/QSAR study. Organic chemistry, nanotechnology and biotechnology also have various applications of these descriptors because of their unique properties. The purpose of this thesis is to compute the characterisation of degrees based on topo- logical indices in certain graphs. The application of Atom bond connectivity index are found in rationalizing the stability of linear and branched alkanes as well as the strain energy of cycloalkanes. Basically, the ABC index will be a ected when edges are inserted and deleted. Therefore, motivated by the works done on this, we continue investigate the inserting and deleting of two and three edges of graph. Then, we obtain the complete solution of derivation of ABC index for inserting and deleting of two and three edges. For the latter part, we also investigate inserting of two and three edges for geometric- arithmetic index and obtain the results, respectively. The result in this thesis also covers computation and study on the the degrees based topological indices for some types of nanostructure such as dendrimers, nanotubes nanotori, nanocones and networks. In the rst part, we investigate and obtain the novelty formulas for edge version of ABC(e) , GA(e) and second TUC4C6C8[p; q] nanotube, TUC4C8(s)[m; n] nanotube, H-Naphtalenic NPHX[m; n] nanotube,TUC4C6C8[p; q] nanotori, TC4C8(s)[p; q] nanotori and Nanocones CNCk[n] for K3and n0. Then, we calculate analytical closed results for counting related polynomials like Zagreb polynomial for some families of dendrimers, namelyrst, second and third kind of nanostars, (NS1[n], NS2[n] and NS3[n]). We also continue to investigate and obtain novelty formulas for Boron, Boron and line graphs of TiO2 neighbourhood polynomial, fourth atom-bond connectivity andfth geo- metric arithmetic indices. In the next phase, we study and obtain novelty formulas for the augmented Zagreb,rst reformulated Zagreb, connectivity and sum connectivity indices of certain networks like silicate networks, chain silicate networks, hexagonal networks, oxide networks and honeycomb networks. Many new results for degrees based on topo- logical indices in certain graphs we obtained. The thesis culminates by including some open problems for further investigations.