The use of antimicrobial drugs has decreased the frequency of infectious ailments. But their widespread use has generated drug-resistant microbes, so there is need to develop new rapid acting antibiotics with less side effects. The silver nanoparticles have been recognized as efficient broad spectrum antimicrobial agents. It uses mushroom glucans as reducing and capping agent to decline its toxicity. The present study was primarily, on the nutritional, biochemical and nutraceutical characterization of mushroom and ultimately, on the green synthesis of silver nano-particles with mushroom glucans and then characterization, antimicrobial and biochemical analysis through in vitro and in vivo studies. The four different Pleurotus spps. including P1: Pleurotus ostreatus, P3: Pleurotus sajor-caju, P6: Pleurotus sapidus and P8: Pleurotus columbinus were collected from mushroom culture bank of Medicinal Mushroom Laboratory, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Proximate analysis of the selected mushrooms depicted the protein (19.07-30.15%), ash (2.1-9.14%), carbohydrate (65.66-82.47%) and fiber contents (38.5-46.3%) were present in significant amounts whereas fats (1.04-6.01%) were in low concentration. All the mushrooms showed potential total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), DPPH radical scavenging and reducing properties. Selected mushrooms showed DNA protection against H2O2, by use of calf thymus (ctDNA). A moderate antimicrobial potential exhibited by all mushrooms against selected bacterial (E. coli, P. multocida, B. subtilis and S. aureus) and fungal species (A. niger, A. flavus, F. solani and H. maydis). Fatty acids profile by Gas chrometography-Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) showed that the unsaturated fatty acids were more prevalent over the saturated fatty acids in targeted Pleurotus spps. Quantitative protein analysis depicted h i g h concentration of proteins (33.47-45.78 mg/g) in selected Pleurotus spps. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis expressed variable concentration of sugars and organic acids present in the Pleurotus spps. Quantitative ascorbic acid analysis depicted that they were significantly higher (4.90-6.97 mg/g) in chosen Pleurotus spps. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of α-tocopherols and β-carotenes showed that they were present in targeted Pleurotus spps. Macro and micronutrients studies showed that all four Pleurotus spps. have minerals [Na (19.09-39.2 mg/100g) and K (4.84-11.98 mg/100g)] micronutrients [Ca (1.33-11 mg/100g), Mg (1.4-2.1 mg/100g) and P (2.1-4.3 mg/100g)] and xxv trace elements [Cu (10.2-15.42 mg/100g), Mn (2.1-7.4 mg/100g), Zn (37.5-54.6 mg/100g) and Fe (12.1-15.2 mg/100g)] while all were deficient of heavy metals like Pb. Green synthesis of silver nano-particles performed by glucans from selected Pleurotus spps. Extracted glucan and synthesized Glucan-AgNPs confirmed by Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectra. Size of Glucan-AgNPs determined by Dynamic light scattering. The Glucans characterized by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Glucan-AgNPs were characterized by FT-IR, Scanning electron microscopy-Energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and XRD. In vitro studies showed that Glucan- AgNPs revealed excellent antimicrobial, biofilm inhibition and anti-cytotoxic potentials. In vivo studies performed on adult albino rats. The glucan-AgNPs significantly restored the physical (Temperature), hematological (Total leukocyte count, neutrophil (%age) count and ESR) and biochemical (C-reactive proteins) parameters elevated after induction of infection. Histological examination revealed that there was no deposition of silver in small intestine, skin, liver and kidney.
In the present age, youth occupy an important position and can play a very important role in reforming and improving the world conditions. In Quran several methods are suggested for character building of youth for example following “Uswa-e-Hasna” and by preaching and motivation of youth the fear Allah, the crated in their heard for reforming them. In some cases, the punishment can also reformed of youth. Youth is an important entity of any human society. Particularly in an Islamic society, youth has great significance. Youth is considered as a junction of past, present and future. The role of young generation cannot be neglected in the building of character, changes in circumstances and development of society. Youth should play a positive and effective role against various evils, which are prevalent in human society. What can be the religious social, political, ethical and educational duties of the Muslim? How can they play their role in reformation of society? How can they be bright stars of their country by fulfilling their duties? How can the whole humanity and particularly Islamic Ummah get benefits from their youth? The answers to these questions are central idea and theme of this article, generally in the light of Islam and particularly in the light of seerah-un-nabwiyia. In following lines, it has been tried to impart feelings of high self-esteem in the young generation who have forgotten it. It is an effort to motivate the youth for practical actions.
Traditional techniques for web service discovery and selection mostly rely on string matching and/or semantic logic-based matching. They are generally developed on service description and functional attributes which are exposed in service advertisement. The selection is made from the result output which is typically presented in order of their ranks primarily based on degree of match of functional or operational parameters. The Quality of Service (QoS) attributes such as service performance, execution duration, reliability, reputation, popularity, security, access rights, availability, success rate, price etc and user preferences are often ignored in the query. Moreover, it is very difficult for the requester or any software agent to select the best service out of many potential candidates from the search result. This paper proposes a framework that takes into account QoS attributes along with user preferences and devise an algorithm namely Diversified Service Rank (DSR) that re-ranks top k web services in the search result, this helps service requesters in prompt selection and composition of web services.