Citrus fruits are attacked by several fungal pathogens during post-harvest storage in Pakistan. The survey of fruit markets of Faisalabad, Multan, and Sargodha, Pakistan indicated that several fungal pathogens from different Genera including Fusarium, Geotrichum, Penicillium, Alternaria, Lasiodiplodia, Aspergillus and Rhizopus are infecting citrus fruits. The incidence of Penicillium rot was highest at all locations during 2016-17. All pathogens were identified based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Alternaria and Fusarium species were also amplified and sequenced based on endopolygalacturonase EndoPG and translation elongation factor gene. The most predominantly occurring Genera were Penicillium, Fusarium and Geotrichum with the overall prevalence of 42.6, 14.2 and 12.2%. Phylogenetic relationships of these genera based on the ITS region with species from other geographical regions of the world showed diverse ancestral relationships. Most predominantly occurring species of Penicillium viz., P. italicum and P. digitatum were selected to conduct management studies. The effect of resistance inducers salicylic acid SA and jasmonic acid JA at different concentrations revealed that SA and JA inhibited the disease development on citrus fruits ‘Kinnow’, ‘Meyer lemon’ and ‘Mosambi’ in a concentration-dependent manner. The activity of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) also showed an upsurge in the activity of both enzymes compared to untreated and healthy fruits. The effect of plant extracts S. aromaticum, C. citratus, C. longa, C. verum and E. cardamomum was tested in vitro on colony growth inhibition of P. digitatum and P. italicum. S. aromaticum and C. verum produced the highest inhibition of colony growth of both pathogens at 15g/L. Total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) were found to be highest in S. aromaticum. RP-HPLC analysis for the presence of antifungal phenols and flavonoids (quercetin, gallic acid, benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, cinnamic acid, kaempferol, sinapinic acid) indicated that quercetin, kaempferol, and gallic acid were present in all plant extracts. S. aromaticum and C. verum showed the highest concentration of detected phenols and flavonoids. The combined effect of S. aromaticum, C. verum and SA and JA on ‘Kinnow’, ‘Meyer lemon’ and ‘Mosambi’ fruits revealed that the activity of these treatments was significantly enhanced when applied together. The combination of S. aromaticum with SA and JA produced the lowest disease incidence and severity (%) of green and blue mold on all types of fruits compared to infected control and other treatments. The activity of PPO and POD was significantly enhanced in fruits treated with combined application of plant extracts and resistance inducers than infected control. The effect of treatments on quality parameters such as total soluble solids, weight loss, ascorbic acid content, juice content loss, and titratable acidity showed significant variation in all treatments. It was concluded that resistance inducers and plant extracts as a stand-alone and combined treatments can suppress green and blue mold and cause an upsurge in the activity of PPO and POD. The increase in activity of PPO and POD enzymes might have a role in the suppression of green and blue mold of citrus fruits.
امین الدین شجاع الدین خبر آئی کہ مولانا امین الدین شجاع الدین بھی اپنے خالق و مالک حقیقی سے جاملے، یقین نہ آنے کے چند لمحوں کے بعد پھر اسی یقین کا اقرار کرنا پڑا کہ ہم سب اﷲ ہی کے ہیں تو واپس اسی کے جوار رحمت میں جانا ہی ہے۔ وہ ابھی ایسے نہ تھے کہ نام کے ساتھ مرحوم لکھا جائے، خدا جانے کتنی صلاحیتیں تھیں جو اب بھی ظہور کی منتظر تھیں، ان کا نام اچانک تعمیر حیات اور بانگ حرا کے صفحات پر دلکش، پر اثر اور البیلی تحریروں کے ساتھ سامنے آیا، ان کے اداریے نظر شوق کو متوجہ کرتے ، مقبولیت تھی کہ ان کے اداریوں کا ایک مجموعہ نقوش فکرو عمل کے نام سے مرتب ہوا، بھیونڈی کی زمین سے ندوہ کے آسمان تک کا سفر، تیز رفتار بھی رہا اور روشن بھی، کیا خبر تھی کہ یہ خوش درخشیدگی، شعلہ مستعجل کی مبتدا تھی، آخری ملاقات کب ہوئی یاد نہیں، لیکن ان کا تبسم اور محبت کی آنچ سے گداز ہاتھوں کا گرم جوش مصافحہ ضرور یاد ہے، وفیاتی مضامین کا مجموعہ’’ملنے کے نہیں نایاب ہیں ہمــ‘‘ عنایت کیا، ابھی معارف میں اس کے ذکر کی فرصت بھی نہیں ملی کہ وہ خود اس کتاب کا عنوان بن گئے، حضرت مولانا سید ابوالحسن علی ندویؒ سے سالک رام تک خدا جانے دل کی دنیا میں آ باد کیسے کیسے مکینوں کا نوحہ کہنے والے نگری نگری پھیرا لگاکر وہ اپنے سفر کی منزل پہنچ گئے، پس کارواں سخنوری کے ایسے نقوش قائم کرتے ہوئے جن کی چمک میں خون جگر کی آفرینش ہے، یہ نقوش تابند ہ رہیں گے اور کبھی کبھی دبے الفاظ میں یہ بھی کہہ جائیں گے کہ کیا تیرا بگڑتا جو نہ مرتا کوئی دن اور ندوہ کے ساتھ دارالمصنفین کے...
Maulānā Muḥammad Ismāʿīl al-Ūdwī al-Shikārpurī (1897-1970) was one of the very prominent scholarly personalities of Pakistan. His life and works are studied and analyzed in detail elsewhere. (See. IRJAH, Faculty of Arts, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Vol. 42, 2014 and Ma’arif Research Journal, Islamic Research Academy, Karachi, issue. 13, 2017). This paper mainly deals with al-Ūdwī’s theory of iʿjāz al-Qurʾān. With regard to the theory of iʿjāz al-Qurʾān, classical scholars including al-Rummani, al-Khaṭṭābī, al-Baqillani, al-Rāzī significantly emphasize the linguistic nature of iʿjāz as an argument to support the doctrine of iʿjāz al-Qurʾān. Al-Ūdwī on the other hand, after accepting the linguistic iʿjāz of the Qurʾān, proceeds to go further than his predecessors in supporting the doctrine of iʿjāz al-Qurʾān by emphasizing and situating iʿjāz in the content of the Qurʾān. Therefore, his book Nūr al-Īqān bi iʿjāz al-Qurʾān seems to be considerably different in its arguments from his predecessors’ theory. There is no exaggeration to say that al-Ūdwī has distinctly added several new arguments in his book, which, according to him, provide the certainty in the doctrine of iʿjāz, as he names his book as Nūr al-Īqān bi Iʿjāz al-Qurʾān, ‘Light of the faith through the inimitability of the Qurʾān.
The present Ph.D thesis describes the phytochemical and biological exploration of two species belong to family Ranunculaceae of District Dir (U), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. The main goal of our research was the isolation, structure elucidation, selective AChE and BChE enzyme inhibition of C19 and C20 diterpene alkaloids from the basic chloroform soluble fraction of D. chitralense and D. denudatum Wall. Seven new compounds; Chitralinine-A (1), Chitralinine-B (2), Chitralinine-C (3), Chitraline-A (4), Chitraline-B (5), Chitraline-C (6), Chitraline-D (7) and two known, Ajaconine (10) and Delectinine (11) have been isolated from the aerial part of D. chitralense. Two new Jadwarine-A (8) and Jadwarine-B (9) and one known dihydropentagynine (12) have been isolated for the first time from the aerial parts of D. denudatum Wall. All the isolated compounds (1-12) were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques and screened for enzyme inhibition activities (AChE & BChE). The isolated compounds were found to be potent AChE and BChE inhibitors. Our present findings indicate the interest of C19 and C20 diterpenoids as potent AChE and BChE inhibitors present in the investigated two delphinium species. They may contribute towards naturally accessible inhibitors used for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.