HBeAg negative type of chronic hepatitis B is less susceptible to therapy than HBeAg positive ‘wild-type’ infection and is associated with a poor prognosis. Knowledge about the rate of BCP and PC mutations is imperative in terms of treatment response to interferon, development of fulminant hepatitis and hepato cellular carcinoma. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of possible precore mutants, its molecular characterization and correlation with biochemical and serological markers. A total of 495 patients were included from three cities of Pakistan. Patients, positive for HBsAg for more than six months, aged 15 years and above were included in the study. Patients having indication of previous treatment with antiviral or nucleoside analogs were excluded. Viral load, HBeAg/antiHBe status and ALT levels were determined. Direct sequencing of PC and CP region of HBV genome was carried out following a nested PCR. Mutations were analyzed by comparing the sequencing results with known reference sequences. 414 (83.6%) of the patients were HBeAg negative based on ELISA. Among these HBeAg negative patients, 155(31.3%) had detectable DNA levels with possible precore mutations. HBV DNA was detected in all (81) HBeAg positive patients. Mean ALT level and viral load of HBeAg negative patients were significantly (P-value 0.05) lower than HBeAg positive patients. Mean age of HBeAg negative patients was higher than HBeAg positive patients (P. value<0.05). Among 50 isolates, precore stop codon G1896A mutation was detected in 19 (38%) isolates, 17 (34%) in HBeAg negative samples and 02(4%) in HBeAg positive isolates. About half of the samples had mutation at position 1764. Classic 1762/1764 double mutation was noted in 15 (30%) of the isolates. Overall, 9(18%) of the study isolates had wild-type sequences at all important loci. Sequences at genotype specific loci and phylogenetic analysis speculate the preponderance of genotype D in Pakistani isolates. BCP region was more variable as compared to PC region which increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in such patients.
بنجر نہ کبھی کشت تمنا میری ہو گی بنجر نہ کبھی کشت تمنا میری ہو گی اک فرد کا مرنا نہیں انسان کا مرنا سر ہیں تو سرِ دار قلم اور بھی ہوں گے ہم مرتے رہیں گے مگر ہم اور بھی ہوں گے کوئی مسیحا نہ ایفائے عہد کو پہنچا بہت تلاش پسِ قتل عام ہوتی رہی
Ibn Khurdathba was a man with variable culture, he had an important role in the science of geography especially (knowing of the roads, locations of the cities, weather in addition to the news of general history and some arts like (music and singing ) The growth of Ibn Khurdathba in a family worked in the military field, close to the royal court has helped him to start his practical life early and allowed him also to contact with caliphs, ministers and writers in addition to occupying of the significant positions in the state, making it easier to get information from their original resources. Ibn Khurdathba has descended from Persian family lately entered into Islam۔ One of earliest geographical works of this period, his famous Kitab al- Masalik wa’l= Mamalik’. It gives a summary of the main trade routes of the Arab world and in addition provides description of such distant China, Korea and Japan. This article attempts his life and his “Al masalik wa al mamalik” book, varies sides.
The Indian military’s modernization drive is a credible threat to the deterrence stability of South Asia. Both states are sharing the most dangerous porous border in the world because of many unresolved issues which may trigger a limited or total war in the region. The possibility of nuclear exchange could not be ruled out because of the uncertain nature of the relationship between both states.This study aims to focus on three main areas: first to analyze Indian threat perceptions, internal and external security vulnerabilities and possible factors to drive military’s modernization plans, its strength, and capabilities. Secondly, to highlight the implications of force multipliers inducted in the Indian military for Pakistan’s security and deterrence stability in South Asia. The last part would discuss possible counter-measures for Pakistan to overcome this imminent threat.The Indian defense budget for the fiscal year 2016-17 have crossed the US$ 52.2 billion mark, and it is expected to increase in the near future to keep up the pace of modernization and overcome the operational gaps in its overall military machine. It has allocated huge funds for the development of its Army, Air Force, Navy, Network Centric Warfare and Electronic Warfare capabilities. The induction of Spy satellite Risaat-II and UAVs from Israel would keep 24/7 check on the strategic sites, LoC and deployment of Pakistani troops close to the border.India has inked deals with the European firms to induct the latest Aircraft for air superiority. Indian naval capabilities may undermine Pakistan’s long-term maritime interests in the Indian Ocean. The Indian military modernization reveals that it is on course to achieve regional hegemony and to operationalize its aggressive doctrines against Pakistan. Pakistan cannot afford conventional arms race with India, which compels Pakistan to increase its reliance on tactical nukes and improve the quality and quantity of its nuclear weapons to achieve credible deterrence against aggressive maneuvers of India in south Asia.