دین کامل اور اختلاف: روح المعانی کی روشنی میں ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

The word "Ikhthilaf" refers to such an approach and way of conversation in which one scholar disagrees with another scholar. Islam being a perfect religion bars its followers from developing mutual conflicts. Islam has clearly stated that Muslim Ummah should not have differences on the basis of opinions in vivid injunctions. Such dissension has been placed nowhere in Islam. Disputes may only arise in case of secondary and vague injunctions. In such situations, each jurist considers himself as right. Such divergence, in the secondary issues based on argumentation and within the ambit of Qur’ān and Ḥadith, is not contemptible one but is the source of blessings due to the depth of knowledge of the jurists. Because of such conflicting opinions, jurisprudence and religious injunctions have the power of adaptability in accordance with the demands of the changing times. In the matters of jurisprudence, establishing consensus on the basis of argumentation must not lead to sectarianism, prejudice and hatred. True jurists have tried their level best to protect Muslim Ummah from sectarian disputes. Among such jurists we have Allama Alusī, the author of Tafsīr Rūḥ al Ma’ānī, as one big contributor. Tafsīr Rūḥ al Ma’ānī is the solid proof of his authentic and deep knowledge. It has a combination of reported sayings and exegesis of consents.

Effect of Chromium Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles on the Growth Performance, Organs Development, Intestinal Histo-Morphometry and Electrophysiology of Broilers

Effects of chromium loaded chitosan nanoparticles supplementation on growth, serum metabolites and intestinal histology in broilers The present research was aimed to evaluate the effects of chromium loaded chitosan nanoparticles (Cr-CNPs) on production performance, viscera development, serum metabolites and intestinal histology in broilers. Two hundred (200), one-day-old, broilers were randomly divided into five groups with five replicates (n=8). Birds in the first group served as control and were fed corn soya-bean based diet, while the remaining four supplemented groups were offered 200, 400, 800, and 1200 µg Cr-CNPs/kg of feed, respectively, for 35 days. Weight gain, feed intake, and FCR remained unaffected with Cr-CNPs supplementation. No changes were observed in the relative weights of viscera. The relative length of the small intestine was decreased in birds supplemented with 200 and 800 µg Cr-CNPs/kg feed compared with the 1200 µg Cr-CNPs supplemented and control groups. Serum metabolites remained unaffected with Cr-CNPs supplementation except for the serum HDL that was increased. Cr-CNPs decreased the retention of chromium in the bone at higher concentrations. Jejunal villus height, villus surface area, and villus height to crypt depth ratio were increased in 800 µg Cr-CNPs supplemented group. In conclusion, Cr-CNPs did not affect growth performance, viscera development, and most of the serum metabolites but enhanced jejunal morphological attributes at 800 µg Cr-CNPs/kg of feed. Effects of chromium loaded chitosan nanoparticles on the electrophysiological indices and glucose transporters in broilers The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of chromium loaded chitosan nanoparticles (Cr-CNPs) on electrophysiological indices, gene expression of glucose transporters and tissue glycogen in broilers. Two hundred (200), one-day-old, broilers were randomly divided into five groups (A, B, C, D, and E) each having five replicates (n=8). Group-A was fed a corn-soya-bean meal-based diet, while the diets of groups B, C, D, and E were supplemented with 200, 400, 800 and 1200µg Cr-CNPs/kg of feed, respectively. On day 35, eight birds per treatment were killed to obtain segments of jejunum for electrophysiological study using Ussing chambers. Additionally, two birds per replicate were randomly killed to collect the jejunum for mRNA quantification of glucose transporters and tissues for the detection of glycogen content. The basal short-circuit current (Isc) and tissue conductance (Gt) before the addition of glucose were the same in all the groups. After the addition of glucose, change in short circuit current (ΔIsc) was decreased (P<0.05) in the birds supplemented with group C and group E compared with the control group without affecting change in tissue conductance (ΔGt). Gene expression of SGLT-1 and GLUT-2 remained unaffected (P<0.05) with Cr-CNPs supplementation. The liver glycogen content decreases (P<0.05) linearly with CrCNPs supplementation while no effects were observed in muscle glycogen content. In conclusion, Cr-CNPs supplementation decreases the glucose absorption and liver glycogen content in a dosedependent manner without affecting the gene expression of glucose transporters.