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Biodiesel Production by Microalgae Cultivation Through Conversion of Industrial Carbon Dioxide Co2

Thesis Info

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Author

Ambreen Aslam

Program

PhD

Institute

Lahore College for Women University

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7980/1/Biodiesel%20production%20by%20microalgae%20cultivation%20through%20conversion%20of%20industrial%20CO2.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725603952

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Biofuel production is widely deliberated to be one of the most sustainable alternatives to the non-renewable petroleum fuels and used as feasible means for environmental and economic sustainability. Biological capture of carbon dioxide by photosynthetic unicellular microalgae is an attractive technology because it is scalable and efficient mean to yield renewable energy source i.e. biodiesel. Microalgae, a third generation feedstock for biofuel, can be grown on non-arable land in fresh, brackish or saline water and with higher areal productivities than any other land-based crops. In particular high productivities are achieved during cultivation when coupled with an additional carbon dioxide supply; for every kilo grams of dry biomass approx. 1.83 kg of CO2 is required. In this study five industrial cities of Punjab were selected to identify microalgae strains from industrial areas which provide opportunities to achieve significant reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. Microalgae have been considered for biological carbon capture and sequestration to offset carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Series of factors for carbon sequestration like tolerance of CO2 source (i.e. flue gas), cultivation conditions, inhibiting compounds that come with the CO2 source (e.g. SOx & NOx) and physiochemical parameters such as pH, nutrients, temperature and light, had been studied in this research. The adapting ability of mixed consortia of microalgae was used to tolerate growth in 100% flue gas from an unfiltered coal-fired power plant that contained 11% CO2. Challenges existed in particular around the high SOx and NOx emissions that caused a rapid decline in pH when added to cultures. This required slow adaptation of microalgae over many months, with step-wise increases from 10% to 100% flue gas supplementation, and the maintenance of high phosphate fertilizer levels in the form of 50mM phosphate buffer for flue gas at and above 50%. Concurrently, this led to a selection of microalgae that seem to be particularly well adapted to low pH and high level flue gas supplementation. For two different microalgal consortia, 18S rRNA community profiling and microscopic analyses revealed that, after a rapid decline in biodiversity over the first few months, in particular Desmodesmus sp. was the dominant genus (-79-90%). This novel study demonstrates that upto 100% unfiltered flue gas from coal-fired power generation can be used for algae cultivation. While it is clear that large areas are needed to xviii offset flue gas emission through microalgae, direct comparisons to other carbon sequestration technologies should be made once upscaling, cost reductions and process optimizations are in place. With the implementation of serial passages of over a range of open or closed PBRs this process may contribute towards the development of microalgal-mediated carbon capture and sequestration processes.
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6. Al-An’am/The Livestock

6. Al-An’am/The Livestock

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

06:01
All Praise and Gratitude be to Allah - the One and Only God,
WHO created without a precedent the celestial realm and the terrestrial world, and
made the darkness and the light.
Yet those who disbelieve ascribe other entities to their Rabb- The Lord.

06:02
It is HE WHO created you from clay,
and then decreed a span of lifetime for each one of you –
while another span of Time is appointed for the Final Judgment by HIM as well.
Yet despite that, you continue to doubt about it.

06:03
And HE is Allah in the celestial realm and also in the terrestrial world.
HE Knows exactly whatever you hide in your hearts and also whatever you utter publicly, and
HE also Knows whatever you are earning of good and evil – deeds, speech, and dealings.

06:04
a. Yet despite that not a Message comes to them with Messages from their Rabb - The Lord
without their turning away from it in denial.

06:05
And they have willfully and persistently belied the Truth – The Qur’an - when it came to them -
but soon will come to them the news of that which they have been ridiculing and mocking.

06:06
Do they not see in their travels as they pass by the ancient archaeological sites how many generations WE punished and destroyed before them?
WE had firmly established them in the land in a way WE have not established you.
And WE poured upon them plentiful rain from the...

Frequency and Psychosocial Determinants of Gender Discrimination Regarding Food Distribution among Families

Due to male dominance in society as well as in households, the rights of females are ignored. Hence, there exists gender discrimination while giving food to family members which in turn results in poor health status for females. Therefore, it is important to explore the causes of this unequal distribution of food among family members Objective: To determine psychosocial factors causing gender discrimination regarding food distribution among families Methods: Data collected from fifty females aged 15-80 years, selected from the urban community using non-probability consecutive sampling, were used for analysis. Females with malnutrition, psychological disorders, with laparotomy and major surgery were excluded. Gender discrimination was assessed as males or male children were preferred for better and more food items like fresh food, meat, fruits, milk, dairy products and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to see the impact selected factors on gender discrimination Results: The large family size (> 6 members) showed significantly higher odds of discrimination (OR=3.89; 95% CI= 1.03-15.26) than smaller families. The odds of food discrimination were 4 times more for the families, with males being earning hand (OR=4.57; 95% CI= 1.19-18.31). Similarly, there exist higher odds of gender discrimination in low-income families (OR=5.10; 95% CI= 1.18-23.87). While maternal education reduces the chances of food discrimination (OR=0.10; 95% CI= 0.02-0.42)  Conclusions: Psychosocial factors such as large family size, low monthly income, males being earning hand and maternal education were found to be associated with gender discrimination regarding food distribution among family members.

پاکستانی اردو افسانے میں سیاسی شعور 1947: تا 2011

The trends for the Urdu short story right from the beginning are political. Politics and Literature have deep ties because of the desire of change in almost every writer. I have studied these influences in the context of Pakistani Urdu short story (1947 to 2011). The thesis under view consists of five chapters. The first chapter contains "Introduction and basic concepts" of Politics and literature and its ties. The second chapter covers the influence of politics on short story from 1900 to 1947. Chapter three covers the political influence on Pakistani Urdu short story. I have discussed political influences on modern short story from 1960 to 2011 in chapter four. Chapter five contains conclusion, recommendation and synthesis of first four chapters. In the present study I have also focused the changing political, social and economic scenario and incidents which have influenced Pakistani politics. from the beginning. The history of the genre of the short story reveals that the narrator has been portrayed in many ways according to the structure, composition and other requirements of the story. This thesis aims at discovering and identifying the significance of the narrator in the development and success of a short story. The research is based on the hypothesis that using a narrator is quite helpful for the story- writer because it can state the external and extraneous factors as well as the internal realities and hidden phenomenon. The thesis includes six chapters in all. The first chapter deals with the introduction, definition and literary limitations of a narrator. It also sheds light on its significance in fiction and studies the historical development of its use in fiction. In the second chapter the early period of Urdu Short Story has been studied in this respect and particularly the use of narrator by the writers like Sajjad Haidar Yaldram and Prem Chand has been studied and analyzed. The third chapter covers the period between 1936 and 1947 and the use of this technique by the writers like Saadat Hassan Manto, Krishan Chand, Rajindar Singh Bedi, Ghulam Abbass, Aziz Ahmad and Amsat Chughtai has been specifically studied and analyzed. This period is considered very important in the history of Urdu short story and the Progressive school of thought influenced the Urdu short story the most in this period. Angarey, the first anthology of progressive short stories was published; which has also been a focus of study in this chapter. The fourth chapter deals with the post-colonial story writers until 1960s. It includes the most important names such as Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi, Mumtaz Mufti, Qurat al Ain Haidar, Ashfaque Ahmed, Bano Qudsia, Khadija Mastoor, Razia Fashi Ahmad, Akhtar Jamal and Ghulam Saqlain Naqvi. An attempt has been made to comprehend how these writers have used the narrator to develop their short stories and make them more effective. The fifth chapter deals with the contemporary short story. Modern writers like Intizar Hussain, Anwar Sajjad, Khalida Hussain, Mirza Hamid Baig, Rasheed Amjad, Mansha yaad and Asad Muhammad Khan have been studied in respect of the use of narrator in their short stories. The last chapter gives an overview of the whole period and concludes the whole thesis by giving an over-all analysis of the role narrator in Urdu short story.