The Aims of the Prophetic Hijrah and its Teaching and Guidance

The aim of Hijrah is not to run away from problem that occurred in the process of giving da'wah, but rather to establish the resolve in solving the problem. Hijrah as a movement carried out by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his companions from Makkah to Madinah, aimed to keep, maintain and uphold the message of Allah, in the form of Islamic aqeedah and shari’a, in order to achieve the mercy and pleasure of Allah SWT. This move, as we can see in the seerah, later brought a great impact to the success of the Islamic da’wah which was increasingly evolving. Hence the fundamental problem that has led to the migration has been solved. In fact, the Hijrah brought a significant impact not just to the Islamic world but also to world civilisation. The story and background of the migration of Rasulullah (PBUH) from Makkah to Madinah is touched in this writing to show that there were a lot of lessons and guidance that can be inferred. It did not merely signify a final destination for Makkah Muslims, but was also the beginning of a continuous effort to establish a strong and resilient ummah. The event of Hijrah in fact had changed the world after that forever. It highlighted the perseverance of the Rasulullah (PBUH) and the early Muslims through the difficult times. Hijrah demonstrates that for people with faith, there is hope for ease after difficulties. There was also a great unity model among Muslims of different backgrounds. The Hijrah had also marked the beginning of the Islamic State under the leadership of Rasulullah (PBUH) which then became a reference for all state governance everywhere in the future

Chelant Assisted Lead Pb Phytoextraction and its Subsequent Role in Antioxidant System of Leafy and Rooty Vegetables

The experiments were conducted to explore the chelant-assisted lead (Pb) phyto-extraction and subsequent antioxidative responses in spinach and turnip plants under both controlled (Growth Incubator) environment and filed (natural) conditions. The seeds of turnip (Brassica Rapa L. cv. Purple Top) and spinach (Spinacea oleracea L. cv. Desi) were surface sterilized and sown in plastic pots filled with thoroughly washed sand. Later on, the same experiment was conducted in the field under natural conditions. In controlled experiment, after germination, 10 d old spinach and turnip seedlings were exposed to different Pb regimes (0, 2.42 and 4.83 mM). While in case of field experiment, 20 d old plants were expose to Pb regimes where the control plot exhibited 0.0218 mM Pb concentration. After 10 days of Pb application, 2.4 mM concentrations of different chelating agents viz., ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), citric acid (CA), oxalic acid (OA), tartaric acid (TA) and malic acid (MA) were applied to the plants both under controlled and field conditions. Different Pb regimes altered biomass and different physiobiochemical attributes in both crop species. On the other hand, the application of chelates, especially CA increased growth in both crop species. However, of the chelates, TA was much more effective in increasing tissue specific Pb concentrations in both crops. The beneficial effects of chelates attributed to the capacity to increase photosynthetic pigments, antioxidative enzymes and nutrient uptake under different Pb regimes. Both crop species were able to tolerate Pb levels applied. Furthermore, some chelates were able to reduce tissue specific toxic concentration of Pb leading to hormesis. Overall, the results elaborated the potential of chelates in increasing growth, biomass, and thus suggested their use for phytoextraction of Pb. Based on the effectiveness of TA in increasing root Pb concentrations in case of turnip and shoot Pb concentrations in case of spinach suggested its use for phytoextraction of Pb in Pb-polluted environments.