Biodiversity is the source of energy and goals to maintain ecosystem for future. Present study of “Biodiversity and molecular characterization of Spider fauna of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa” was carried out in districts (Mardan, Swabi, Malakand, Swat, Dir Lower, Dir Upper, Peshawar, Charsadda, Kohat, Hangu, Karak, Lakki Marwat, Dera Ismail Khan, Mansehra, Battagram and Bajur Agency (F. A. T. A) from 2013 to 2016 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. All the species were collected during different times of seasons but mostly from March to November of above mention years. The specimens of spiders were collected through hand picking, beat sheet, pitfall trafs and sweep nets in different ecological niches. Preserved specimen were observed under stereomicroscope with supply of light, While pictures were taken by Leca MZ 16 microscope with power light and diagram ofmales and females genitalia were drawn with compound microscope with tube camera (Lecucida). Also, Molecular work was carried out, to extract DNA from four legs of spider species of subtribe Aelurillina (Salticidae) by DNA extraction kits. Four genes (28SrDNA, Wingless, 16S-ND1, COI) were amplified and sequenced by using primers. This study admits nine families of spiders (Araneae) contain twenty Six Genera and distributed in thirty seven species. The species are Aelureillus sp.nov, Aelureillus logunov, Bianor albobimaculatius, Bianor Pujabiicus, Carrohotus sannii, Castianeira sp.nov., Clubiona sp.nov., Crossopriza maculipes, Epocilla sp.nov., EvarchaArabeca, Hasarius adansonii, Heteropoida afghan, Hippasa paritita, Langona calcarata, Langona sp.nov., Lycosa sp.nov., Myrmarachni bicuirvata, Olios sanguinifrons, Oxyopies javana, Pardosa birmanica, Pardosa chaihraka, Pardosa flavisteirna, Peuceitia Arabica, Phelgra bresnieri, Plexippus Kondarensis, Plexippus paykulli, Plexippoides flavescens, Pseudicius admirandus, menemerus nigli (female first time described), steinaelurillus sp.nov., Thanatus fornicatius, Thyene Imperialis,Xysticus preuidocristatus, Yaginumaella sp.nov.,Zelotes spinuilosus. These Species are distributed in genera Bianor, Carrohotus, Castianeira, Chinattus, Clubiona, Crossopriza,Epocilla, Evarcha, Hasarius, Heteropoda, Hippasa, Olieos, Oxyopies,Lycosa,Myrmarachni, Pardosa, Peuceitia, Phlegra, Plexippous, Plexippoides,Pseudicius, Rhene, Thyene,Steinaelurillus, Xysticus, Yaginumaella, Zelotes and consitituted by the Families Corinnidae Clubionidae, Lycosidae Oxyopidae, Philodromidae, Pholcidae, Salticidae, Sparassidae, Thomisidae,. Present study determined 10 new to science species from genera Aelureillus, Castianeira, Chinattus, Clubiona, Epocilla, Evarcha, menemerus Female, Langona, Lycosa, Rhene, Steinaelurillus, Yaginumaella, some of them have been submitted for publication. The more diverse family is Salticidae with 14 genera and 23 species. The aim of the present study was to know the current status of unexplored region for spiders biodiversity with molecular phylogenetic studies to show the present relations of species with their ancestors. We recommend future work on Taxonomy, Biodiversity and Molecular Phylogenetic study of araneae and related arachnids of Pakistan.
مواخات مدینہ مکہ سے مسلمان مہاجرین ہر شے تج کر خالی ہاتھ مدینہ منورہ چلے آئے تھے۔لیکن ہر شے سے قیمتی اعلیٰ اور زندگی کا حاصل یعنی دین اسلام اپنے دامن میں سمیٹ لائے تھے۔ اس دولت بے پناہ کے ہوتے ہوئے انھیں کسی چیز کے چھوڑنے اور دوسروں کے قبضے میں چلے جانے کا دکھ تھا نہ غم۔ وہ اللہ کی اطاعت اور رسول کی پیروی میں سب وابستگیوں سے دور جا چکے تھے۔ بس رسول اللہ کا دامن مضبوطی سے تھامے ہوئے تھے۔ ان کے دامن سے ہو کے وابستہ سب سے دامن چھڑا لیا ہم نے بے سر وسامانی کے عالم میں آنحضرتؐ نے انصار و مہاجرین کے درمیان رشتہ اخوت قائم فرمایا۔ حضرت انسؓ کے مکان پر لوگوں کو جمع کر کے انصار سے فرمایا! یہ تمھارے بھائی ہیں ۔ پھر مہاجرین اور انصار میں سے ایک ایک شخص کو بلا کر آپؐ فرماتے گئے’’ یہ اور تم بھائی ہو‘‘۔ دو اجنبی بھائی بھائی بن گئے۔ ان میں سے چند کے نام حسب ذیل ہیں ۱۔ سید نا ابو بکر صدیق ؓ ، سید نا عمر فاروق ؓ ۲۔ سیدنا حمزہؓ کو سیدنا زید بن حارثہ ؓ ۳۔ سیدنا عثمان ؓ کو سید نا عبد الرحمن بن عوف ۴۔ سیدنا زبیر بن العوامؓ کو سیدنا عبداللہ بن مسعودؓ ۵۔ سیدنا عبیدہ بن الحارثؓ کو سیدنا بلال بن رباح ۶۔ سیدنا مصعب بن عمیر کو سیدنا سعد بن ابی وقاص ۷۔ سیدنا ابو عبیدہ بن الجراح کو سیدنا سالم مولا ابی حزیفہ ۸۔ سیدنا سعید بن زید کو سیدنا طلحہ بن عبیداللہ ۹۔سیدنا و مولانا محمد رسول ﷺکو سیدنا علی بن ابی طالب ۔ حضرت ابو بکرؓ کو خارجہ بن عرید، عمر کو عتبہ بن مالک اور زبیر کو سلمہ بن سلامہ کا بھائی بنایا۔ مواخات...
Teens and children will need to be vaccinated in order to achieve herd immunity against COVID-19. Most parents are eager to have their teens immunized, whereas some are hesitant. Should teens be allowed to consent to immunization even if their parents’ objects? Vaccines are safe and effective, medically recommended, and good for both the individual and the community. Inspite of these powerful arguments, the law lags behind. Most parents want their teens to be immunized. Most vaccine-hesitant parents ultimately agree to vaccination. Furthermore, teens who get COVID generally have mild cases. For now, the law in most states does not permit teens to consent to the COVID-19 vaccine without parental permission.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a common cause of viral hepatitis with significant health complications including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Major advances have been made in the treatment of Hepatitis B recent years. However, much remains to be accomplished because current antiviral drugs do not eradicate infection. The currently licensed hepatitis B vaccines, consisting of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and alum, are highly effective and induce protective antibody titers in 95% of vaccinated individuals after 3 immunizations before onset of HBV infection. Present studies were aimed to develop chimeric vaccine (proteins) that may stimulate B- and T- cell responses and generate enhance immune response to treat the HBV patients after infection. In this regard, five HBV chimeric vaccine constructs were designed and developed using the HBcAg gene encoding amino acids 1-78 and amino acids 80-144. Amino acid- position 79 where deleted and replaced with preS epitopes sequences. All five chimeric constructs (pIJMcsc-1, pIJMcsc-2, pIJMcsc-3. pIJMcsc-4 and pIJMcsc-5) contained HBcAg as a carrier molecule for the epitopes of preS regions primed HBcAg- specific antibodies response. These constructs (chimeric plasmids) were transformed into E.coli to see the protein product on SDS-PAGE. The expressed proteins (csc-1, csc-2, csc-3. csc-4 and csc-5) were purified based on affinity chromatography using His tag at the C terminal of expressed proteins. The purified chimeric proteins were further subjected to Enzyme linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting assays using secondary anti- rabbit AP conjugated antibody and secondary anti-mouse AP-conjugated antibody respectively. All five chimeric proteins showed positive antibody response. In vivo study was performed for chimeric protein (csc-5) only. This chimeric protein (csc-5) was evaluated in C57BL/6J mice for activation of humoral and cellular immune responses, primed both HBcAg- specific T cells and antibodies to preS1. IXResult obtained indicated that the csc-5 protein can induce HBV-specific antibodies and T cells, two functions that well complement the activity of antiviral compounds. Thus, the csc-5 protein may be a future component in therapy for chronic HBV infections where the host is gaining a sustained control of the HBV infection and also a viable approach to develop an effective bi-functional therapeutic vaccine as an add-on for treatment of chronic HBV.