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Home > Bioefficacy of Entomopathogenic Fungi and Their Combinations With Selective Insecticides Against Spodoptera Litura F. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae on Cotton

Bioefficacy of Entomopathogenic Fungi and Their Combinations With Selective Insecticides Against Spodoptera Litura F. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae on Cotton

Thesis Info

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Author

Muhammad Ramzan Asi

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2012

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Natural Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/1504

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725616153

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The susceptibility of different biological stages of Spodoptera litura to various strains of entomopathogenic fungi was tested under laboratory conditions at Department of Agri. Entomology University of Agriculture, Faisalabad using the insect immersion method. All biological stages were susceptible to the fungal isolates in a dose dependent manner. All biological stages were not equally susceptible. Eggs and larvae were comparatively more susceptible to infections by entomopathogenic fungi, while pupae were less susceptible. The susceptibility of the insect to entomopathogenic fungi decreased with the advancement in age of larvae of target host. The LC50 values for eggs were 1.13×106, 4.82×106 and 2.45×107conidia ml-1 in M. anisopliae L6, P. fumosoroseus 32 and B. bassiana 25, respectively. The median lethal concentration (LC50) for 3rd instars larvae was1.11×107conidia ml-1 in B. bassiana 25 and 2.17×107conidia ml-1 in P. fumosoroseus 32. Mortality of the larvae increased with increase in conidial concentrations and time elapsed after treatment. Virulence of entomopathogenic fungi also varied from species to species and strain to strain against S. litura. Variations were observed in the susceptibility the insect to particular entomopathogenic fungus under laboratory and green house conditions. The use of fungi as alternative to insecticides and their combined application with selective insecticides is very useful strategy in integrated pest management program. It requires detailed compatibility studies. Therefore, investigations were carried out to evaluate in vitro influence of insect growth regulators and some other selective insecticides on vegetative growth and conidial germination of fungal pathogens, M. anisopliae, P. fumosoroseus and B. bassiana. All tested insecticides displayed significant potential to inhibit growth (6.84- 74.80%) and germination (19.35-85.43%) of the fungal pathogens. Lorsban was the most toxic insecticide to mycelial growth and conidial germination followed by Lannate, Larvin and Pirate. Cascade, Match, Steward and Proclaim were comparatively less toxic to mycelial growth (36.78-48.67% inhibition) and conidial germination (40.32-49.97% inhibition) of the fungal pathogens. Conversely, Runner, Capture, abamectin and Curacron were compatible with significantly lesser inhibition in growth (25.19-36.47%) and conidial germination (27.78-43.66%) of the fungi. Tracer was found safe to conidial germination and growth of the fungi. Effect of combined treatments of entomopathogenic fungi and insecticides against S. litura larvae was investigated under green house conditions at Entomological Research Institute, AARI, Faisalabad. Different insecticides exhibited additive to synergistic effects on toxicity against S. litura larvae, when they were mixed with B. bassiana and P. fumosoroseus under green house conditions. The combined treatment of the fungi and insecticide exhibited synergistic effects except Lannate and Lorsban that displayed additive effects. However, no antagonistic effects were found in any treatment combination. Joint application of the entomopathogenic fungi and Insect growth regulators: Runner Cascade, Abamectin, Capture and other insecticides like Tracer, Proclaim Curacron and Steward seems to be feasible for control of this polyphagus pest. However, it needs further investigations under field conditions
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جانے کیوں بے وفا وہ یاد آیا
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یاد آئے وہ پیار کے موسم
اُس کی اک اک ادا کی یاد آئی

حشر کی تلخیوں کو جب سوچا
اُن کے لطف و عطا کی یاد آئی

بتکدوں میں گزار دی ہم نے
عمر بھر نہ خدا کی یاد آئی

جب مرض لا دوا ہوا تائبؔ
چارہ گر کو دوا کی یاد آئی

ANALISIS KESULITAN MEMBACA PADA SISWA KELAS V SDI WAIROTANG

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اردو ناول میں دیہات نگاری

Presentation of Rural Society in Urdu Novel is a popular genre of Urdu literature which comes under western influence and set down a rich tradition in Urdu. Generally every genre of literature portray and present the social and psychological behavior of the society, however in novel the details and colors of society can be presented in depth and more expressively. Indian sub-continent is basically an agriculture area and the majority of the people live in rural areas. This theme of this research work is the study of novel with the angle of analyzing the representation of rural society in different eras of the tradition of this literary genre in Urdu literature. The work is divided into five chapters: In first chapter, introductory information about the Indian rural society is presented. Historical value, characteristics and basic element of rural society has also been discussed in detail. In second chapter, tradition of presentation of rural society in Urdu novel before the partition of sub-continent is discussed. Starting from early era of Urdu novel i.e. of Deputy Nazir Ahmed, Sarshar and Mirza Hadi Ruswa a detailed study of Prem Chand's novels is the part of this chapter. The novels written in the period of the Progressive Movement are also discussed in the same chapter. In third chapter, novels written between 1947 to 1971 are discussed in the above mentioned context. Aziz Ahmed, Quratul Ain Haider, Rajinder Singh Bedi, Abdullah Hussain and other novelists are included in the study. Special study of the Ghulam Saglain Naqvi, Syed Shabbir Hussain and Shoukat Siddiqi's novels is also the part of chapter. In fourth chapter, new trends of Pakistani society and literature from 1971 onwards are discussed as background and then prominent novels of this era are analyzed in the context of presentation of rural society. The last chapter comprises of overview of the research, conclusion and recommendations.