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Home > Bioefficacy of Entomopathogenic Fungi and Their Combinations With Selective Insecticides Against Spodoptera Litura F. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae on Cotton

Bioefficacy of Entomopathogenic Fungi and Their Combinations With Selective Insecticides Against Spodoptera Litura F. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae on Cotton

Thesis Info

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External Link

Author

Muhammad Ramzan Asi

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2012

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Natural Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/1504

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725616153

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The susceptibility of different biological stages of Spodoptera litura to various strains of entomopathogenic fungi was tested under laboratory conditions at Department of Agri. Entomology University of Agriculture, Faisalabad using the insect immersion method. All biological stages were susceptible to the fungal isolates in a dose dependent manner. All biological stages were not equally susceptible. Eggs and larvae were comparatively more susceptible to infections by entomopathogenic fungi, while pupae were less susceptible. The susceptibility of the insect to entomopathogenic fungi decreased with the advancement in age of larvae of target host. The LC50 values for eggs were 1.13×106, 4.82×106 and 2.45×107conidia ml-1 in M. anisopliae L6, P. fumosoroseus 32 and B. bassiana 25, respectively. The median lethal concentration (LC50) for 3rd instars larvae was1.11×107conidia ml-1 in B. bassiana 25 and 2.17×107conidia ml-1 in P. fumosoroseus 32. Mortality of the larvae increased with increase in conidial concentrations and time elapsed after treatment. Virulence of entomopathogenic fungi also varied from species to species and strain to strain against S. litura. Variations were observed in the susceptibility the insect to particular entomopathogenic fungus under laboratory and green house conditions. The use of fungi as alternative to insecticides and their combined application with selective insecticides is very useful strategy in integrated pest management program. It requires detailed compatibility studies. Therefore, investigations were carried out to evaluate in vitro influence of insect growth regulators and some other selective insecticides on vegetative growth and conidial germination of fungal pathogens, M. anisopliae, P. fumosoroseus and B. bassiana. All tested insecticides displayed significant potential to inhibit growth (6.84- 74.80%) and germination (19.35-85.43%) of the fungal pathogens. Lorsban was the most toxic insecticide to mycelial growth and conidial germination followed by Lannate, Larvin and Pirate. Cascade, Match, Steward and Proclaim were comparatively less toxic to mycelial growth (36.78-48.67% inhibition) and conidial germination (40.32-49.97% inhibition) of the fungal pathogens. Conversely, Runner, Capture, abamectin and Curacron were compatible with significantly lesser inhibition in growth (25.19-36.47%) and conidial germination (27.78-43.66%) of the fungi. Tracer was found safe to conidial germination and growth of the fungi. Effect of combined treatments of entomopathogenic fungi and insecticides against S. litura larvae was investigated under green house conditions at Entomological Research Institute, AARI, Faisalabad. Different insecticides exhibited additive to synergistic effects on toxicity against S. litura larvae, when they were mixed with B. bassiana and P. fumosoroseus under green house conditions. The combined treatment of the fungi and insecticide exhibited synergistic effects except Lannate and Lorsban that displayed additive effects. However, no antagonistic effects were found in any treatment combination. Joint application of the entomopathogenic fungi and Insect growth regulators: Runner Cascade, Abamectin, Capture and other insecticides like Tracer, Proclaim Curacron and Steward seems to be feasible for control of this polyphagus pest. However, it needs further investigations under field conditions
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مولانا صبغۃ اﷲ شہیدؔ فرنگی محلی

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علم قراءات اور دیگر دینی علوم کا باہمی تعلق

It is clear from the fact that Allah has revealed the Quran in seven letters. And there are many things hidden in it. These are important to make Quranic readiness easier for people who read, and translate translation of Quranic words, in the contemporary interpretation of the meaning of Wafa'am and Ahmah Mussel, to smooth the path of extravagance and ease for the Umrah period. There are many such sciences that stand on the basis of different types of trees. These verses are explaining the meaningful meaning of Quranic interpretation in the Qur'aan, based on the verses of the Qur'aan, a faqha is a knowledge of a profession in the verses of the Quran, that is, in fact, the interpretation of Salaf is mentioned in the verses, On the basis of them, the Koran receives discrimination and Ejaz, which is mentioned in Koran in case of Kaafir's challenge. وَإنْ کُنْتُمْ فِیْ رَیْبٍ مِّمَّا نَزَّلْنَا عَلٰی عَبْدِنَا فَأتُوْا بِسُوْرَۃٍ مِّنْ مِّثْلِہِ وَادْعُوْا شُھَدَاء کُمْ مِّنْ دُوْنِ اﷲِ إنْ کُنْتُمْ صٰدِقِیْنَ فَاِنْ لَّمْ تَفْعَلُوْا ولن تفعلوا۔ "And if you suspect that this book which we ascend to our servant, it is not ours, so make one Surah like it, call our new ones, except for Allah Take the help you want, if you are truthful then do this work, but you did not do this and could never believe. " In relation to knowledge, other scholars and scholars (interpretation, jurisprudence, problems, beliefs, knowledge, knowledge and virtue of Muslim tradition) will be cleared.

A Study of Relationship Between Organizational Climate And Job Satisfaction of School Teachers at Primary Level

The study aimed at finding out the relationship between organizational climate and job satisfaction among government primary school teachers in District Rawalpindi. The study was based on the following objectives: to find out the factors of organizational climate of primary school teachers, to find out the level of job satisfaction of primary school teachers, to identify the relationship of organizational climate with job satisfaction among primary school teachers, to find out the difference of various demographic variables with respect to qualification, age and experience in organizational climate of primary school teachers, and to determine the difference regarding of various demographic variables such as qualification, age and experience on job satisfaction of primary school teachers. The study was delimited to female govt. primary school teachers of Tehsil Rawalpindi. Population of the study consisted of total 1910 female government primary school teachers working in 160 Government Primary schools located in Tehsil Rawalpindi. Simple random sampling technique was used. Four hundred female govt. primary school teachers were selected randomly as sample of the study. Two questionnaires each for assessing organizational climate and job satisfaction of teachers were modified by the researcher with the help of supervisor. Then these were validated through pilot-testing. The researcher collected the data herself. Collected data was analyzed by using SPPS version 16. Major conclusions of the study were: There was significant positive relationship between organizational climate and job satisfaction among primary school teachers. On the basis of conclusions following recommendations are made: Production emphasis has an important role in the success of any organization so it is recommended that head teachers should focus on production emphasis in their schools as their first and foremost priority. Head teachers and teachers should also focus on intimacy, esprit, consideration and thrust in their schools. Their school climate should be free from aloofness, disengagement and hindrance behavior of head teachers and teachers. Job satisfaction plays a key role in any organization. It is recommended that top management attitude should be positive, appreciative, welcoming and rewarding for teachers. Promotion possibilities and good pay structure should be given priority in order to get better results.