Bio-Electrochemical Studies for Harvesting Carbon Dioxide to Organic Compounds Powering microbes with electricity in bio-electrochemical synthesis (BES) to produce plethora of organics like volatile fatty acids and alcohols is an attractive bio sustainable strategy to minimize our dependence on fossil fuels. Bio-electrochemical synthesis, a beneficial key technique in which electro autotrophic bacteria utilize electric current as a sole electron source from cathode to reduce CO2 to extracellular multicarbon exquisite products through metabolic conversion. The anaerobic and autotrophic acetogens like Sporomusa ovata, Clostridium ljungdahlii and Cupriavidus necator have been focused in current study to convert waste greenhouse gas like CO2 into volatile fatty acids, alcohols and Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). These electroactive catalysts were able to capture electron directly from cathode without any mediator due to the presence of C-type cytochrome and type IV pili in Sporomusa ovata, RnF complexes for electron and proton translocation in Clostridium ljungdahlii and Fln type adhesion on the surface of Cupriavidus necator. The bio-electrochemical reactor was simplified to avoid time expenditure by eliminating potentiostat and by improving start-up process of autotrophic biocathode. The two stage strategy was integrated in this system based on heterotrophic pre-enrichment of electro autotrophic biocatalysts on glucose or fructose, afterwards acclimation of pre-enriched culture to BES reactor where CO2 was sole carbon source to switch bacteria from heterotrophic to autotrophic metabolism. The biocathode was poised at -0.4V, (versus Ag/AgCl electrode) high enough to avoid hydrogen production by DC power source other than potentiostat to retain the high coulombic recovery in electro fuel production. The development of pure microbial biofilm at cathode rather than mixed culture further simplified the BES reactor from complex metabolic activities. The BES technique was practiced first time to synthesize high quality Polyhydroxyalkanoates (while fermentation process was followed before) merely from cheap and low cost substrates like molasses and waste greenhouse gas CO2. Implementation of simplified reactor and specific strategy for both batch and continuous system under ambient conditions of pH, temperature and pressure enhanced the electroactivity of cells to transform the electrons to spectrum of xi extracellular products in less time duration. The net outcome was the renewable energy which was stored in covalent bonds synthesized from waste greenhouse gas. The specific products included acetate, butyrate, ethanol, hexanoic acid, hexanol, heptanoic acid and heptanol by Clostridium ljungdahlii and Sporomusa ovata. The formation of heptanoic acid and heptanol in this specific technique never reported earlier. This feature has potential to make these electrotrophs beneficial for biotech industry. The intracellular Polyhydroxyalkanoates accumulated as granules inside the cells are environment friendly thermoplastics. The novel extraction techniques for the recovery of granules of carbon and energy reserves from cell dry mass has made PHA more attractive. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis employed for identification and quantification of electro fuels and further electroactivity was characterized by cyclic voltammetry. The ANOVA test performed for statistical analysis between the batch and continuous system for all three strains. ANOVA test for Sporomusa ovata proved the significant difference between batch and continuous system rather than other two strains. The overall coulombic recovery was more than 90% due to the redox electroactivity of these autotrophs. The concentrations for ethanoic acid, ethanol, ethyl butyrate, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, hexanol and heptanol were 2.99, 3.19, 2.2, 2.18, 2.01, 2.11 and 0.85mM at 120 hours of medium cultivation. The Coulombic recovery was more than 80% proved the BES a promising and remarkable technology than other chemical and photosynthetic based chemical production.
پنڈت وجے لکشمی اسی ماہ میں ایک دوسرا حادثہ ٔ جانکا ہ ملک کوپنڈت وجے لکشمی کابھی پیش آیاہے۔ محترمہ جواہرلال نہرو کی ہمشیرہ تھیں۔لیکن وہ خودبھی بڑی قابلیت کی مالک تھیں۔ صحیح بات کہنے میں وہ کبھی نہیں چوکیں، چاہے اس کے لیے ان کو اپنے خاندانی افراد ہی سے ناراضگی کیوں نہ لینی پڑی ہو۔ایمرجنسی کی مخالفت میں وہ اپنی بھتیجی شریمتی اندرا گاندھی کے خلاف میدان میں کودپڑیں۔ وہ بڑی بہادر خاتون تھیں اورایک اچھی مقرر بھی تھیں۔ بھارت کی نمائندگی کرتے ہوئے انہوں نے غیر ملکوں میں بھی اپنی قابلیت کالوہا منواتے ہوئے اپنے ملک کانام روشن کیا۔یو۔این۔ او میں ان کی صلاحیتوں کابرملا اعتراف واظہار کیاگیا۔ان کے انتقال سے ہندوستان نے اپنی ایک بڑی محسنہ کوکھودیا ہے۔ان کی کمی کوہمیشہ ہی محسوس کیاجائے گا۔ہندوستان کی سیاست میں___ایسا ہماراایقین ہے۔ [دسمبر ۱۹۹۰ء]
Allah has blessed the human beings with countless blessings, among these; the two most important are life and Quran. To be thankful for these blessings is compulsory, however, it is to be mentioned with regret that we are unaware of this obligation. Life that is not passed in accordance with the defined pattern and stipulations of Quran is a non Quranic pattern of life. Today Muslims have lost dignity by putting aside the Quranic teachings. What is Quranic pattern of life? To know it one has to dive into the sea of Quran and then need to find pearls and shells by pondering and considering on we can unveil the secrets of the universe. Non Quranic pattern of life is not the guarantee of success, rather it is a disgrace in both the worlds. If life is to set on Quranic pattern then one understand Quran well. To deny useless deeds, false beliefs and civilization of human beings are the objectives of Quranic study. ALLAH also wants the same from Believers. Quran is the mentor of all worldly knowledge. All other disciplines are derived from it and all are dependent on the Quran. Therefore it is necessary to have a purposed life and to come out of purposeless life. Once the pattern is according to Quran, all the disappointments and worries of life would end gradually. Life in the light of ALLAH’s orders is a guaranteed peaceful, blessed and eternal successful. What actions come under Quranic pattern of life and which life goes out of its vicinity, this would be discussed in detail in this article.
This research examines Pakistani youth’s political participation through social media. It evaluates the success of social media in molding the behaviours of voters during the general elections of 2013, also investigates the sharing of information instantly among masses through online interaction and to find out political mobilization for a change in political setup. In Pakistan, Social Media i.e. Facebook, YouTube, WhatsApp, Imo, twitter and Viber; is penetrating among the population belonging to all age groups. Mindset of both males and females belonging to rural or urban locality linked with various professions is going to change with the use of internet and social media. The current study aimed to explore the influence of social media on the minds of above mentioned categories and their change of behaviour for voting in the general elections of 2013. Survey method was applied to collect the data from the population of Punjab belonging to different age groups, gender, profession, qualification and locality. Data collected through questionnaire tool was in the statistical package for social sciences to be evaluated. Significant results were obtained youth is involved in political process via social media to a great extent. Social media has changed the behaviour of voters in the general elections of 2013. Voters shared information that was obtained with the help of social media instantly among their fellows. Social media is influential in political mobilization and is responsible for bringing change in the political setup of Punjab. Significant correlations were found in variables i.e. gender, age, profession and locality of the participants. On the basis of findings, it can be concluded that social media is an effective tool for political awareness. Its use must be under the control of some rules and regulation. So that people should avoid some negative prorogation and rumours. There must be check and balance over sharing of information through social media.