Low grade pyrite, sphalerite, complex Pb-Zn ore, nickel and copper containing sulphide ore’s bioleaching performances of pure un-adapted and metal ion-adapted cultures of different strains of Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans as well as their consortium with acidophilic hetertrotrophs were analyzed in shake flasks studies. Maximum bioleaching potential was observed in case of mixed adapted consortium of Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans strain RDB and Thermoplasma acidophilum. Orthogonal experimental array was designed for further co-optimization of process parameters for the enhancement of bioleaching efficiency. Then the technical feasibility to recover valuable metal ions from these ores by bioleaching process was tested in large columns at ambient temperature after optimization of process parameters in several small columns. Different pre-leaching and bioleaching strategies were adopted for maximum dissolution of metal ions from ores during column bioleaching studies. Changes in pH, redox potential, temperature, ferrous, ferric and total iron concentration, microbial growth and percent metals solubelization was observed periodically. Then bioleaching feasibility of electronic scrap by the selected moderately thermophilic strains of acidophilic chemolithotrophic and acidophilic heterotrophic bacteria was tested. These included Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans of different strains, Thermoplasma acidophilum and an unidentified acidophilic heterotroph (code A1TSB). At scrap concentration of 10 g/L, a mixed consortium of the metal adapted cultures was able to leach more than 81 % of Ni, 89 % of Cu, 7 9 % of Al and 83 % of Zn. Then conical bubble reactor was fabricated locally and effect of hydraulic retention time on bioleaching potential was investigated and after that lab-scale columns with automated pH and temperature control were fabricated locally and bioleaching studies of electronic scrap in a bubble reactor was carried out. In case of column bioleaching studies the tolerance of bacterial cultures to mixed metal ions (Ag + , Al 3+ , Cu 2+ , Fe 3+ , Ni 2+ , Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ and Zn 2+ ) was improved markedly after nearly two year adaptation from 12 g/L to 20 g/L. The results from these studies demonstrate that 80 % Zn, 64 % Al, 86 % Cu and Ni 74 % can be recovered from electronic scrap by microbial leaching process using mixed adapted consortium of moderately thermophilic bacteria at column bioleaching level and 4 % Al, 6 % Zn, 5 % Cu and 7 % Ni can be leached out during preleaching. This finding may facilitate on industrial scale implementation of this process for recycling of metals from electronic scrap.
ٹریفک قوانین نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم معززصدرو میرے ہم مکتب سا تھیو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پرلب کشائی کرنی ہے وہ ہے:’’ٹریفک قوانین‘‘ صدرِذی وقار! قانون، اصول، ضابطہ جیسے الفاظ کا تصور جب دماغ کے در پچوں کو دستک دیتا ہے تو تہذیب وتمدن ، اورمنظم قوم کی ایک تصویر بھی دماغ کے خانوں میں ابھرتی ہوئی محسوس ہوتی ہے، اور اُجلا پن جگہ جگہ دکھائی دینا شروع ہو جا تا ہے۔ کائنات رنگ و بو میں ہر شے کا اپنا اپناضابطہ ہے۔ نظام ِشمسی ہو، نظامِ فلکی ہو ،نظامِ ارضی و سماوی ہو، جملہ نظام ہائے حیات قوانین کے دائرے میں متحرک نظر آتے ہیں۔ کچھ قوانین ایسے ہوتے ہیں جن کو انسان اپنی بقاء کے لیے بناتے ہیں، انہی قوانین میں ٹریفک کے قوانین بھی ہیں۔ صد رِمحترم! زمین پر حشرات الارض کو دیکھیں تو ان کی اجتماعی حرکت ایک قطار میں نظر آئے گی۔ آسمان کی بلندیوں پرمحوپرواز طائران خوش الحان کی زندگی کا مشاہدہ کریں تو ان کی پرواز بھی کسی قانون اور ضابطے کے تحت ہوگی۔ حدی خواں کے اونٹوں کی قطاریں، بلبل کی چہک، پھول کی مہک ، جگنو کی چمک، ستاروں کی دمک ، سورج کی روشنی، چاند کی چاندنی ، فضاؤں کی سرسراہٹ ، آبشاروں کی گڑگڑاہٹ ، سمندر کا سکوت، دریا کا شور، صبح سہانی ، ندیوں کی روانی یہ جملہ مظاہرِ فطرت کسی نہ کسی ضابطے کے تحت سرگرم عمل ہیں۔ معززصدر! قوانین انسان کی فلاح کے لیے بنائے جاتے ہیں، انسان کی ترقی مقصود ہوتی ہے، انسان کی زندگی میں حسن پیدا کرنا ہوتا ہے، انسان کونشست و برخاست کا ڈھنگ سکھانا ہوتا ہے، انسان کی گفتار میں شائستگی پیدا کرنا ہوتی ہے۔ انسان کی رفتار میں اعتدال پیدا...
Growth factors are the potential operational members which control different phases of liver regeneration. Different growth factors have expression regulation in the whole process relating to different phases of liver regeneration. Objective: To assess the expression regulation of different growth factors and cytokines involved in liver regeneration in a phase-dependent manner. Methods: Blood and liver samples were collected and analyzed on 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 14th postoperative days after 50% Partia hepatectomy (PHx). Results: Steady increase of liver regeneration rate was recorded from 90.8% (1st day) to 97.9% (7th day). Liver function tests further confirmed the steady liver recovery in PHx mice. Several growth factors such as HGF and VEGF exhibited an up-regulation till 5th day and later gradual decrease till 14th day compared to control mice. Albumin, CK18 and CK19 showed sequential expression increase from 1st to 14th day compared to AFP and HNF-4α upregulated until 5th and 1st day, respectively. Quantification of these growth factors further confirm our results. Conclusions: Conclusively, these results highlight a phase-dependent regulation and role of growth factors in liver regeneration and recovery
Functional approach to language illustrates the role a language plays in the text indicating its context as meaning making and action undertaking process. Otherwise, language studies without functional approach either describe ‘code’ or ‘behaviour’ separately whatever directed. However, Systemic Functional Linguistics/Grammar (SFG) is aimed to analyse meaning and function with ‘code’ and ‘behaviour’ together. This approach, taken from Halliday’s SFG, was applied focusing lexicogrammar and semantic role play of language. Mood clause and other elements were analysed under lexicogrammar category of text structure, whereas, modality was explored under semantic meaning making resource. The SFG framework was applied qualitatively on the two selected Pakistani English novels Mohammad Hanif’s ‘A Case of Exploding Mangoes’ and Mohsin Hamid’s ‘The Reluctant Fundamentalist’. In addition, quantitative method was applied for simple quantification of data occurrence and the word choice. It was found by the analysis of mood clause structure that the language is less interactive and more rhetoric expression of the fact revealing (see mood analysis in appendix A-D). It is primarily recounting the events and inclined much towards giving information. Language, from the perspective of SFG, is based on exchange of information and goods-&-services either by demanding or by giving in speech function. In the perspective, this study found that the overall text of both the novels is mainly tending to ‘giving information’ and scarcely having ‘demanding information’ or ‘goods-&-services’ which are the characteristics of dialogic pattern of a text in novel genre. Similar to mood structure, the choice of modality pattern was also found that the discourse is also based on belief in its own knowledge and personal judgement as it plays the role of informer by the language play. Based on the formulations and findings, conclusion and recommendations were offered at the end of the study.