The methanol extracts and solvent soluble fractions of three selected plant species [Nepeta laevigata, Nepeta kurramensis and Rhynchosia reniformis] were evaluated for their antimicrobial, antiglycation, antiplatelet aggregation, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, phytotoxic activities, proximate compositions and isolation of natural products, for the intention of standardization and proper manage of bioactive principles in such heterogonous botanicals and encourage drug finding work with plants. The antibacterial results of Nepeta laevigata showed that the n-butanol fraction exhibited potential activity (85 % inhibition) against Escherichia coli and Proteus morganii (83 % inhibition), while in Nepeta kurramensis chloroform fraction exhibited promising activity (89 % inhibition) against Streptococcus cricetus, and Micrococcus flavas (84 % inhibition). In Rhynchosia reniformis, only crude extract exhibited 100% inhibition against Streptococcus cricitus while ethyl acetate fraction showed (99 % inhibition) against Micrococcus flavas, Streptococcus cricitus (95 % inhibition), and Proteus morganii (90 % inhibition). In antifungal activities; chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of Nepeta laevigata as well as chloroform fraction of Nepeta kurramensis were promising; while in Rhynchosia reniformis chloroform, n-hexane and methanolic extracts were significant inhibitors as compared to rest of fractions. The fractions n-hexane and ethyl acetate of Nepeta laevigata demonstrated significant antiglycation activity with 71.26 % and 74.02 % inhibition and for Nepeta kurramensis 67.24 % inhibition was shown only by the n-hexane fraction. Among Rhynchosia reniformis fractions, ethyl acetate and chloroform displayed a significant antiglycation profile with 70.27 % and 76.02 % inhibition against protein glycation, respectively, while n-hexane fraction illustrated a moderate 64.06 % inhibition. In antiplatelet actions of Rhynchosia reniformis the water fraction was only dynamic against platelet activating factor (PAF) stimulate human platelet aggregation. Methanolic and n-butanol fractions exhibited potential activities against arachidonic acid (AA) and PAF while other fractions were insignificant and in platelet aggregation activity ofNepeta plants crude extract, chloroform and n-hexane fractions showed significant activity. The antioxidant potential of the crude extract and various fractions of Rhynchosia was assessed by using free radicals such as hydroxyl ( • OH) radical, total reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to scavenge authentic nitric oxides (ONOO - ). The Chloroform-soluble fraction was noted to contain a maximum amount of poly phenolic compounds acting as antioxidants (with IC 50 values of 30.24±0.07, 93.89±0.09 and 23.50±0.02, for scavenge authentic ONOO - , total ROS and to • OH radical, respectively) and established to be more efficient than crude extract and the other successive fractions. The ethyl acetate fraction of Nepeta laevigata exhibited stronger antioxidative profile with IC 50 values of 88.37±0.05 and 30.42±0.04, 55.97±0.09 for total ROS, • OH radical and to scavenge authentic ONOO - , respectively. Similar antioxidant profile was observed in Nepeta kurramensis. The fraction n-butanol of Rhynchosia reniformis showed potential cytotoxic activities while rests of the fractions were found to be inactive. No lethal activities were exhibited by Nepeta plants fractions. Surprisingly none of the fraction of all three plants under investigation exhibited phytotoxic activities. The proximate composition of the selected medicinal plants was assessed and analyzed according to AOAC methods. All the selected species were found to be a good source of ash, proteins and fats which can contribute greatly towards nutritional requirements and adequate protection against microorganism and other diseases. As a result of phytochemical investigation of Nepeta kurramensis seven pure compounds (1-7) were isolated out of which compound (1) is a new isolate and is named as Kurramenate after the plant species name. Two known flavonoids (8 and 9) have been provided by Rhynchosia reniformis. The compounds structures were confirmed on the basis of preliminary chemical tests and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies.O 1 3 4 5 6 OH 32'' 2 1'' O 3'' 1'''' O 3'''' 4'' 5'''' 4'''' 32'''' O 6'' 5'' 6'''' 7'' 7'''' 10''-25'' 26'' 8'' 9'' 27'' 26'''' 9'''' 8'''' 27'''' 28'''' 29'''' 23'' 31'' 29'' 2 3 1 30'''' 31'''' 4 6 1'' O 1'''' O 3'' 9''-18'' 7'' 5'' 4'' 6'' 4'''' 3'''' 10''''-25'''' OH 24'' O 30'' 28'' 5'''' 8'' 7'''' 6'''' 19'''' 20'''' 21'''' 22'''' 9''''-18'''' 23'''' O 21'' 19'' 8'''' 22'' 20'' 24'''' bis(2-ethylicosyl) phthalate (2) Kurramenate (1) OH OH 1-nonacosanol (4) 1-dotriacontanol (3) COOH HO HO HO Ursolic acid (5) H 3 C 5 \ 6 \ O 8 H 3 C O 1 \ O 1 7 6 4 5 OH 2 3 O 4 \ H 3 C CH 3 2 O CH 3 5-hydroxy-3,6,8,4 -tetramethoxyflavon (8) 5 \ O 1 \ O 1 7 H 3 C 6 \ O 8 3 \ \ 6 O ` b -sitosterol (7) b -amyrin (6) 4 5 OH 2 3 OH 4 \ 3 \ 2 \ OH O ` 3,5,4 -trihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxyflavone (9) Compounds 1, 2, 8 and 9 exhibited moderate antimicrobial and antioxidative activities. The biologically active crude extracts, fractions and pure compounds can be used for the curing of microbial diseases, glycation, artery and oxygen stress allied syndromes. However, further in vivo examination of crude extracts, fractions and pure compounds will discover its potential pharmaceutical actions.
نواب علی یاورجنگ بہادر گزشتہ ماہ دسمبر میں نواب علی یاورجنگ بہادر گورنر بمبئی کا انتقال ہوگیا۔ ۱۹۴۷ء کے بعد حکومت ہند کی طرف سے ان کو بڑے بڑے عہدے ملتے رہے، وہ امریکہ میں ہندوستان کی طرف سے سفیر بناکر بھیجے گئے، مسلم یونیورسٹی علی گڑھ کے وائس چانسلر بنائے گئے، بمبئی کی گورنری کے عہدے پر مامور ہوئے اور اسی ریاست کے گورنر کی حیثیت ہی سے عالم بقا کو سدھارے، اور معلوم نہیں کتنے دوسرے اعزاز ان کو حاصل ہوتے رہے، حکومت ہند کے معتمد ترین حکام میں ان کا شمار ہوتا رہا۔ میں نے ان کو کسی بڑے عہدیدار کی حیثیت سے نہ جانا اور نہ پہچانا، بلکہ ان سے نواب عمادالملک کے نواسے کی حیثیت سے ملتا رہا، نواب عماد الملک دارالمصنفین کی مجلس انتظامیہ کے پہلے صدر تھے، جن کا احسان دارالمصنفین پر بہت بڑا تھا، ان ہی کی مساعی جمیلہ سے علامہ شبلیؒ کی وفات کے بعد ان کا ماہانہ وظیفہ دارالمصنفین کے نام منتقل ہوا، جس سے اس کی تاسیس میں بڑی مدد ملی، وہ دارالمصنفین کے بڑے قدرداں اور سرپرست رہے، جب ان کی وفات ۳؍ جون ۱۹۲۶ء کو ہوئی تو استاذی المحترم مولانا سید سلیمان ندویؒ نے معارف کے شذرات میں اپنی غیرمعمولی سوگواری کا اظہار کیا، جس میں ان کے اور بہت سے فضائل اور محاسن کے ساتھ مولانا شبلی، دارالمصنفین اور خود ان سے جو تعلقات رہے، اس کا ذکر بہت ہی خوش عقیدگی سے کیا، جس کے کچھ ٹکڑے یہ ہیں: ’’آخر عمر میں مولانا شبلی مرحوم کی تحریک سے انھوں نے قرآن مجید کا انگریزی میں ترجمہ شروع کیا تھا جو سولہ پاروں تک ضعف بصارت و علالت کی وجہ سے رک گیا، اس ترجمہ میں بالکل بائبل کی زبان اختیار کی ہے‘‘۔ ’’مولانا شبلی مرحوم سے ان کا تعلق سرسید کے زمانہ...
The Proper approach to the Quran can be described in three stages: first, receive the message of the Quran by hearing or reading it Second: understanding the message of the Quran by reflecting upon it and studying its meaning third: apply the message of the Quran by ordering your personal life as well as the life of Society according to its message. The branch of Knowledge called "Ulum al Quran" my be used as a means for the accomplishment of the second stage, understanding the message of the Quran by understanding its setting and circumstances, Muslims have from earliest times, applied themselves not only to the message from Allah. The Quran, but also to its setting and framework, and the preoccupation with these ultimately developed into the "Knowledge" about the Quran. In this paper, there are a number of matters related to the study of the Quran to which / have drawn special attention, and also highlighted
The purpose of the research presented in this dissertation was to determine the physiological responses of crop plants against biocontrol agents (endophytes) in saline environment. In view of substantial reduction in agriculture throughout the world, it is highly important to analyze the effects and mechanisms of salinity related consequences and their remediation in economically important food crops. Based on preliminary study, physiological responses of crop plants using selected endophytes like Trichoderma harzianum (Th- 6) and Paecilomyces variotii (Pv- 14) in saline environment were examined. Trichoderma and Paecilomyces are endophytic fungi that established symbiotic and mutualistic relationship with host plant and supposed to induce salt tolerance. For this purpose, Trichoderma harzianum (Th- 6) and Paecilomyces variotii (Pv- 14) salt tolerant strains were cultured and coated in maize (Zea mays L.) var.NT6621 and rice (Oryza sativa L.) var. Kernel seeds before germination. Later, germinated seeds were allowed to grow at 30±5°C to 22±3°C temperature and 60-70% (RH) relative humidity. Two sets of the experiments were conducted at the same time 1) Plants with endophytes 2) Plants without endophytes. Twenty one day old seedlings of the both the sets of plants were exposed to NaCl concentrations i.e 50, 100 and 150 mM and their physiological responses were examined. Application of endophytes like Trichoderma (Th- 6) and Paecilomyces (Pv- 14) caused substantial enhancement in growth, biomass accumulation, physiological and biochemical traits of plants as compared to those which were not inoculated with endophytes subjected to saline environment. Plants treated with Trichoderma harzianum (Th- 6) and Paecilomyces variotii (Pv- 14) showed higher relative water content (RWC), dark adapted quantum yield (Fv/Fm ratio), performance index (PIABS), photochemical quenching (qP), stomatal conductance (gs) and pigments concentrations as compared to those plants which were treated with salinity without endophytes. In salinity, plants having endophytes triggered considerable increase in antioxidant enzymes actitvities such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX). Similarly, antioxidant compounds like free proline, total phenols and carotenoids contents were also increased in endophytes treated plants as compared to untreated plants (without endophytes) under saline environment. It was osberved that MDA and H2O2 contents were decreased due to better antioxidant performance in Th- 6 and Pv-14 treated plants sustaining appropriate osmotic potential under saline environment. In comparsion, it was evident from the study, Trichoderma harzianum strain (Th- 6) induced more tolerance increasing growth, improved photosynthetic and antioxidants performance in plants against salinity as compared to Paecilomyces variotii strain (Pv- 14). Maize plants have shown greater potential to establish symbiotic relationship with endophytes, demonstrating better physiological and antioxidant responses as compared to rice against salinity.