میری بات
ڈاکٹر محمد ایوب
کتاب بینی کا شوق کالج کے زمانے سے ہی شروع ہو گیا تھا۔ کیونکہ کالج کے مقابلہ مضمون نویسی بعنوان( پاکستان میں مرغی اور انڈے کی پیداوار) میں حصہ لینے کے لیے تیاری کے سلسلے میں زرعی یونیورسٹی فیصل آباد جاکر کافی کتب پڑھنے کا موقع ملا۔خدائے وحدہ لاشریک کا کروڑہا بار شکر ہے جس کی کرم نوازی سے مجھے اس مقابلہ مضمون نویسی میں پہلے انعام کا حقدار قرار دیا گیا۔ اس انعام سے حوصلہ پا کر میں اکثر چھوٹے چھوٹے مضامین لکھتا رہتا تھا۔ کیونکہ بنیادی طور پر میں پنجابی زبان و ادب کا استاد اور طالب علم ہوں اس لئے اردو زبان و ادب کا مطالعہ واجبی سا رہا۔ میں 1988 جب فرائض منصبی کی ادائیگی کے لئے گورنمنٹ کالج بہاولنگر گیا تو وہاں کی ادبی فضا نے اردو زبان و ادب کے مطالعہ کا موقع فراہم کیا۔ میرے کالج کے ساتھی پروفیسر راؤ مختار شعبہ اردو کی شاعری کی کتاب پر پہلا تنقیدی مضمون اردو میں لکھا جو بعد میں مقامی اخبار میں بھی شائع ہوا۔ پروفیسر موصوف کی حوصلہ افزائی سے اردو لکھنے کی تحریک پیدا ہوئی۔ اب تک بہت سے تنقیدی و تحقیقی مضمون لکھ چکا ہوں۔ جن میں سے تین مضامین اٹلی اور آسٹریلیا سے نکلنے والے اردو جرائد میں میں شائع ہو چکے ہیں۔ کیونکہ دوست اکثر اپنی اردو تخلیقات بھیجتے رہتے ہیں اس لئے ان کو پڑھنے کے بعد جو کچھ محسوس کیا اسے الفاظ کے پیراہن میں آپ کے سامنے رکھ دیا ہے۔
کتابی صورت اردو میں میری یہ پہلی کوشش ہے۔ میرا اردو کا ذخیرہ الفاظ بھی زیادہ نہیں جس کی وجہ سے میری تمام تحریروں میں آپ کو بے شمار غلطیاں نظر آئیں گی۔ میری خواہش ہوگی کہ...
Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) asked the Ummat to build a strong bond with Quran and Sunnah. However, it was not possible to hold these, till both were not maintained in their original form. The science of Hadith has a significant role in the preservation of this Islamic Intellectual Heritage. It became possible because of the tremendous efforts of the Muslim Scholars who spent their entire lives in learning and spreading the Islamic knowledge. Imam Muslim bin Hajjaj al Qushairi 578 AD is one of the most enthusiastic, popular, and authentic personalities in the field of science of Hadith and among the bibliography of the narrators of Hadiths. His compilation As-Sahih Al-Jamey has a major contribution in preservation of Hadith. It is considered as the second most authentic book after The Quran. The paper discusses in details about the life of this intellectual personal, his journeys, his teachers, his students, his status, and his other research works.
Water stress or drought is the most important factor limiting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) productivity in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. A better understanding about the mechanism of water stress tolerance provides basic strategies for crop breeding for drought tolerance. One hundred and twenty genotypes of tomato were evaluated and ranked for drought tolerance at seed germination and seedling stage under stress induced by polyethylene glycol (molecular weight of 8000) at 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5% (w/w) concentrations. Further, based on simple and multiple selection criterions, eleven genotypes were selected to determine biochemical indicators for drought tolerance through growth, yield and physiological responses under water stress of 80%, 60% and 40% field capacity at the vegetative and reproductive stages. Two-week-old genotypes were subjected to various levels of PEG8000-imposed water stress (Control, 5%, 10% and 15%) for a period of two weeks. Chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange characteristics were measured and A/Ci curve was drawn to further understand underlying mechanism of water stress tolerance in different tomato genotypes. Studies were carried out at PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi in collaboration with National Agricultural Research Centre Islamabad, Pakistan and The University of Manchester, England. Overall, it was found that some tomato genotypes maintained their degree of water stress tolerance at different developmental growth stages. However, mechanism of water stress tolerance varies different tomato genotypes. The most important mechanism was dehydration avoidance characterized by significantly higher growth rate under water stress conditions. The second mechanism was efficient portioning of biomass characterized as higher growth and relatively lower yield under stress conditions. The third mechanism was osmotic adjustment characterized by higher accumulation of compatible solutes such as proline, soluble sugars, higher antioxidant capacity and photosynthetic activity. Water stress tolerant genotypes Lyallpur-1 and CLN1767 were most tolerant tomato genotypes characterized with higher growth, tomato yield, higher antioxidant and photosynthetic capacity. In conclusion, our results indicate that the selection based on growth and some physiological attributes like osmotic adjustment, antioxidant and photosynthetic capacity under appropriate water stress conditions similar to target environments are critically important for improving both drought tolerance and tomato yield potential which is of great commercial importance.