This study was conducted to (1) isolate and identify various AIV types infecting domestic chicken and wild birds in and around Lahore, (2) develop inactivated (monovalent/bivalent) AIV vaccines and compare their efficacy with the locally manufactured and imported vaccines, (3) compare the relative efficacy and economics of diagnostic tests such as HA/HI, AGPT, ELISA and PCR against various AI virus types infecting poultry. A total of 100 day old chicks, 25 from each type of broiler, layer, golden desi and quails were examined for the presence of HI maternal antibodies produced in response to H7N3 and H9N2 AIVs. Very low HI titers in the range of 0-8 were observed in the day old chicks. Isolation of AIVs from 100 tissue samples (trachea, lungs, spleen, liver, intestines etc) collected from 10 poultry farms was attempted. These samples were inoculated in developing 9 - 11 day old chicken embryos. The AF from the inoculated embryos was harvested and tested for HA activity. Of the total ten farms, 3 were positive for H7N3 virus infection and 2 were positive for H9N2 virus infection. Isolation of H7N3 virus was possible from the broiler flocks, aged 4-7 weeks which had suffered from respiratory distress signs and mortality of 15-25%. The H9N2 positive broiler flocks (age 4 weeks and 6 weeks) also suffered from respiratory signs, poor growth and weight gain with 5-11% mortality. None of those flocks had received any locally prepared or imported AIV killed vaccination. The AIV HI antibody titers in those flocks were not significant and ranged between 0-2 log 2 titers. Isolation of AIV from 200 cloacal swab samples obtained from 20 different broiler breeder flocks was also attempted. None of the samples was found positive for AIV. The AIV isolation was also attempted from desi chicken, ducks, pigeons, quails and sparrows using their 100 cloacal swab samples. All attempts to isolate AIV failed as none of the samples was positive for AIV, upon inoculation of material from the swab samples to 11-day old embryos. The attempts to isolate AIV (H5N1) from broiler, broiler breeder, goose, and layer flocks showing the respiratory illness and mortality ranging from 26-73% were also made. All the examined flocks (except one layer flock) were positive for H5N1 virus infection. Seroconversion in H7N3 and H9N2 virus (imported/local, bivalent) vaccine inoculated six broiler breeder flocks was also studied. The maximum GMT titers were observed as 27.9 and 29.9 for H7N3 virus and 26 and 55.7 for H9N2 virus in the vaccinated birds. The efficacy of three commercially available vaccines and one newly prepared vaccine was studied. The experimental findings indicated that all the three commercially available vaccines were able to generate good immune response in chicks housed under controlled hygienic conditions. The maximum titer was achieved after 12 -15 days of vaccination. The GMTs of the HI titers of chicks in groups A, B, C and D on 21st day post vaccination were recorded as 55.7, 52, 59.7 and 29.9 against H7N3 and 27.9, 68.6, 64 and 24.3 against H9N2 virus, respectively. Comparative efficacy of various diagnostic procedures for AIVs was also studied. The results indicated that ELISA and RT-PCR have good relative specificity but are costly procedures as compared to HA/HI and AGP tests. Fifty known positive field isolates along with fifty known negative samples were run each for H7N3 and H9N2 AIVs by HA/HI, AGPT, ELISA and RT-PCR. A sensitivity of 98%, 78%, 98% and 100% for H7N3 was observed each for HA/HI, AGPT, ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. The results obtained for H9N2 subtype were 98%, 82%, 100% and 100% respectively for HA/HI, AGPT, ELISA and RT-PCR. As far as economics of AIV diagnosis is concerned, the HA/HI is recommended as the method of choice as it is highly efficient and economical. However, selection of any diagnostic procedures described depends upon the time, facilities and the financial resources available.
ناطق نے ناول میں جزئیات نگاری سے کام لیاہے عصری دور میں جزئیات نگاری کواتنی اہمیت نہیں دی جاتی۔مصنف نے اس کے برعکس اپنے ناول’’کماری والا‘‘میں جزئیات نگاری کو بڑھا دیا ہے اور ہر ایک واقعے کی جزئیات کو بیان کیا ہے۔اس طرح ایک طرف تو تحریر میں خوبصورتی پیدا ہوئی پر ساتھ ساتھ کہانی غیر ضروری طوالت میں چلی گئی۔ وہ اپنی زندگی میں جن حالات سے گزر چکے ہیں انھوں نے ان سب کو بتانے کی کوشش کی ہے۔ایک ایک پل کو اس طرح بتایا ہے کہ قاری’’ضامن‘‘کی زندگی کو جزئیات نگاری کی وجہ سے مکمل جانتا ہے وہ کب ،کس پل ،کہاں ،کیا کرتا ہے سب باتوں کو ناطق نے تفصیلاًبیان کیا ہے۔بات یہ بھی درست ہے کہ جب قاری ناول پڑھتا ہے تو اسے خود حالات و واقعات کو مکمل جان لینے کی دھن ہوتی ہے۔اس لیے اگر مصنف نے ان حالات کو مدنظر نہ رکھا ہو تا تو ناول صرف ایک بیانیہ کہلاتا۔جزئیات نگاری قاری کی دلچسپی کو بڑھاتی ہے۔مصنف نے بھی ناول میں مکمل ماحول کا نقشہ قاری کے ذہن میں ابھارا ہے اپنی جزئیات نگاری کی مدد سے یہ قاری کیلئے انہماک کا ذریعہ ہے۔
مقصد حیات
ہم جو بھی پڑھتے ہیں اس سے متاثر ضرور ہوتے ہیں۔اسی طرح ناول نگار بھی کسی زندگی کی عکاسی کرتاہے اور جس زندگی کی عکاسی کر رہا ہوتا ہے وہ مقصد سے خالی نہیں ہوتی۔ناول نگار قاری کیاحساسات کے بارے میں آگاہ ہوتا ہے۔اس لیے وہ انسانی نفسیات کو سمجھتے ہوئے ایک کہانی تخلیق کرتا ہے۔ایک استاد کی طرح اپنی بات کو قاری کے ذہن تک پہنچانے کا مقصد صرف اور صرف یہ ہوتا ہے کہ ایک خاص قسم کا فلسفہ اس کے ذہن میں زبردستی ڈالا جاتا...
Islam lays emphasis on social justice and sharing of resources between the haves and the have-nots. In order to create such a balanced socio-economic environment, the inter-class lending is considered to be a way forward ethical activity. Qard is a gratuitous contract in which one gives a certain homogeneous wealth to other against the condition of returning of similar value of wealth upon demand or after termination of payback period. As per Sharia'h, the Qard should not bring any return or benefit for the lender because that would be equivalent to Ribâ. Therefore the lender cannot charge or demand any extra amount against the extension on the payback period awarded to the poor borrower. Furthermore, Islam considers the difference between debtors who default by procrastination and those who default by necessity. The Holy Qur'an, in principal, recommends having compassion for the poor barrowers and giving them the grace period till they have the capacity to payback. In such scenario the Muslim lenders perceive that the Islam has set unilateral direction in favor of borrowers only. Therefore the lenders feel that they are handicapped or helpless and found themselves in a strangled situation. This study is designed to solve the dilemma of lenders and explore risk mitigation strategies in case of insolvency of borrowers. The verses from the Holy Qur'an & Hadith of the Messenger (PBUH) and also work of prominent Sharia'h Scholars were considered to form a comprehensive guideline to mitigate the lender’s risk. Hence it has been proved that the Islam has given legal rights to the lender and allows some practical recovery strategies & tactics to recover the funds from the underprivileged borrowers. This study will play a key role in risk mitigation for default and late payments.
The aim of current experimental work was to explore the importance of microbial mat present at the mangrove area of Sandspit backwaters, Karachi. The first chapter consists of an introduction to mangroves in general. In chapter 2, nutrients in the backwater channels were studied. It was found that nutrient levels were more on site where mat was present as compared to without mat site. Overall phosphate levels were high throughout all seasons and the nutrient levels were found in the following order phosphate>ammonium>nitrate>nitrite. In chapter 3, it was observed that the presence or absence of microbial mat directly influence the soil. The soil covered with mat have increased water retention, low salinity and pH, high carbon as compared to soil without mat. In chapter 4, the seasonal rates of potential nitrification were examined. This process is a significant step in nitrogen cycle and involves the conversion of ammonium into nitrate. Although there were no drastic changes in rates with respect to seasons, the presence of microbial mat significantly affects the rates of potential nitrification. In chapter 5, microbial mats were surveyed. The primary members of mat include few protozoa, cyanobacteria, bacteria and diatoms. The filamentous forms of cyanobacteria were responsible for macroscopic green sheath formation on top soil. Phormidium tenue, Spirulina labyrinthiformis, Spirulina major, Oscillatoria limosa, Phormidium breve and Oscillatoria prínceps were present in all seasons. In chapter 6, cyanobacterial metabolites were inspected. Seawater fraction of Aphanocapsa litoralis and ethanol fraction of Phormidium breve were active against Candida albicans. Phormidium breve extract was more cytotoxic (LC50 0.02 mg/ml) against Artemia salina as compared to Aphanocapsa litoralis extract (LC50 6.2 mg/ml). In chapter 7, metabolites of bacteria associated with microbial mat were screened. Out of 120 isolates only two isolates SSC1407 (Proteus sp.) and SSC14011 (Klebsiella pneumoniae strain) were found to have some antagonistic activity against isolates of E. coli and Proteus O respectively. SSC1407 tolerated increased levels of temperature and different types of chemicals. SSC14011 tolerated high pH, UV-rays and also produced higher protein yield after successive purifications. SSC14011 was slightly more cytotoxic (LC50 0.046 mg/ml) against Artemia salina than SSC1407 (LC50 0.052mg/ml).