The wide-ranging medicinal uses attributed to genus Mangifera indica and Azarirachta indica led to carry out bioassay guided phytochemical studies. Leaves of M. indica and A. indica were ground and extracted with methanol. After solvent evaporation, a dark green residue was obtained. It was dissolved in water and successively partitioned with n-hexane, CHCl3, EtOAc and butanol. All the fractions except n-hexane showed remarkable inhibitory activities of both exo and endoglucanase, the chloroform and butanol fractions also showed significant herbicidal potential. Repeated chromatographic resolution of all these fractions and sub-fractions M. indica and only butanol fraction of A.indica using silica gel column and subsequent elution of different combination of solvent systems resulted the isolation of thirteen compounds from Mangifera indica and seven compounds from Azadirachta indica, which includ four new compounds 1, 2, 4, and 18. along with the compounds 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11 and 14, 16, 17 reported for the first time from M. indica and A.indica respectively. The compounds 8, 12, 13 and 15, 19, 20 were already reported from A. indica and M.indica respectively. All the compounds were tested against cellulases (both exo and endoglucanase) enzymes of Melanoplus sanguinipes (a worldwide problematic insect), compounds 2,3,4,5,6,9,10 and 11 for their herbicidal potential against Parthenium hysterophorus(a worldwide notorious weed) and 2,3,4,5 10and 11 for their antimicrobial activity against five fungal (Macrophamina phaseolena, alternaria alternaria, Penicilium citrii, Aspergillous fumigatous and Aspergillous niger) and four bacterial strains (Lactobacillus sp., Escherichiacoli, Azospirillium lipoferum and Bacillus sp.). The results of the present study indicate that the medicinal plants M.indica and A.indica possess substantial pesticidal, herbicidal, antifungal and antibacterial properties. Especially the pesticidal and herbicidal constituents of M. indica leaves can be exploited for the management of Melanoplus sanguinipes and Parthenium hysterophorus L. The compound 10 exhibited significant inhibition of both enzymes and the growth of parthenium to a large extent.Structure of this compound can be used as an analogue for the preparation of a nature friendly biopesticides and herbicides for the control of one of the most destructive pest Melanoplus sanguinipes and most noxious weed Parthenium hysterophorus to protect the major cash crops of Pakistan.
ناطق کے ادبی سفر کا آغاز بچپن سے ہی ہوا تھا۔وہ بتاتے ہیں کہ شروع میں مصوری کرنا انھیں پسند تھا اپنے دوستوں کی ڈرائنگ کاپیاں بنایا کرتے تھے۔ پھر مجسمہ سازی میں بھی اپنا ہنر آزمایا۔وہ ادبی سفر کے آغاز میں اپنے تجربات بتاتے ہوئے کہتے ہیں کہ :
’’ہمارے گھر کے پاس ایک شیشم کا درخت تھا جس پر ایک دن کوئل بیٹھی تھی۔وہ ایک درخت سے دوسرے درخت پر جابیٹھی تو اسے دیکھ کر میں نے کہا کہ یہ تو میں بھی کرسکتا ہوں۔تو میں نے بھی ویسے ہی کرنے کی کوشش کی لیکن میں منہ کے بل نیچے خس وخاشاک پہ آگرا۔اسی طرح کے تجربات میں کرتا رہتا تھا۔ہر چیز کو آزمایا اور آزمانے کے بعد نتیجہ نکالا کہ یہ میں کرسکتا ہوں اور یہ میں نہیں کر پاؤں گا۔"(1)
تجربات کے بعد جب ناطق نتیجہ نکالتے تو وہ اس چیز کو ترک کردیتے جو وہ نہیں کرپاتے تھے مگر وہ اسے دیکھ کر کرنے کی کوشش ضرور کرتے تھے۔پھر کتابیں پڑھنا شروع کیں تو پڑھتے ہوئے میں نے سوچا کہ یہ کتنا اچھا لکھا ہوا ہے اور پھر یہ شوق بڑھتا گیا بچپن میں ہی اپنے دوستوں پر خاکے لکھنا شروع کر دیے اور شاعری کرنا شروع کردی وہ بتاتے ہیں کہ شاعری کی طرف پہلے راغب ہوا۔ناطق کا خاندان جب ہجرت کرکے پاکستان آیا تو اتنے مشکل حالات میں بھی ان کے دادا جان جو عربی اور فارسی دونوں زبانوں پر کمال عبور رکھتے تھے۔ہندوستان سے اپنی کتابیں ساتھ لانے میں کامیاب رہے ،وہ ان کی ادب سے دلچسپی تھی۔انہوں نے بتایا کہ وہ اپنے بچپن میں اپنے دادا کی کتابیں پڑھتے تھے۔ کہانیاں پڑھنے کا شوق وہ بچپن ہی سے...
Recognizing the unequivocal importance of English as the only and uncontested medium of global communication for disseminating the universal message of the Qur’an, this paper analyzes the ways in which translational incompetence or substantial incongruities could distort the very essence of the actual text and meaning of this last and eternal message of Allah. Taking selected parts of the first two “ruku’s” of surah al-baqara as a case study, it traces some salient instances of such deviation in the earliest purported English rendering of the Qur’an by Alexander Ross done in the middle of the seventeenth century. Besides attempting to make readers wary of such misleading attempts, it also aims at inculcating in them a sense of distinguishing the authentic works of genuinely qualified renderers from such ill-motivated and ill-informed purported translations.
Various problems of pure and applied sciences such as physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, economics, management sciences, industrial research and optimization can be studied in the unified frame work nonlinear equation f ( x) = 0. In this thesis, we use the variational iteration technique and its various modifications to suggest and analyze several iterative methods for finding the approximate solution of the nonlinear equations. Using suitable finite difference schemes, a number of new iterative methods free from second derivative are considered and analyzed. Variational iteration technique is also used to find the multiple roots of nonlinear equations with known and unknown multiplicity. Several examples are given to illustrate the efficiency and implementation of these new methods. Comparison with other methods is given to show the performance of new methods.