This thesis describes a comprehensive geochemical study on sediments (60) and crude oils (10) from Cretaceous Formations using TOC, Rock-Eval Pyrolysis, gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The samples were obtained from the Kohat and the Lower Indus Basins. Chapter 1 describes a brief introduction of terms and applications of Rock Eval and biomarker parameters in organic geochemistry. Geology of the study area, description of samples and details of experimental procedures and techniques has been described in chapters 2-3 respectively. In chapter 4, the source rock potential of Cretaceous Formations from four wells, namely C-1 from the Kohat Basin and Ks-1, Dd-1 and D-1 from the Lower Indus Bain, has been investigated using total organic carbon (TOC) and Rock Eval parameters. The sequences represented by Hangu, Lumshiwal and Chichali Formations from the Kohat Basin are organic rich sediments. Organic matter is mature and largely type-III gas prone kerogen, however, at the base of Lumshiwal, type-II/III OM capable of generating both oil and gas is present. In the Lower Indus Basin, the Parh Formation contains insignificant amount of thermally immature type-III/IV OM. The Upper Goru unit also lacks organic richness and thermal maturity necessary for hydrocarbon generation. However, in the well Dd-1, this unit probably contains mixed OM from type-II/III kerogen, which may have some potential for gas at appropriate maturity level. The members of Lower Goru Formation, (Badin shale, Upper shale, Middle sand, Lower shale and Talhar shale) in well Ks-1, display fair to good organic contents; while deeper sediments are more organic rich. The OM is thermally mature except Badin shale. Amongst the sample suit, Talhar and basal shale units in well Dd-1 and Lower Goru shales in well D-1 contains good amount of mixed OM. These formations show sufficiently high maturity and S 2 /S 3 to have generated both oil and gas. The samples of Sembar Formation are low in OM, mainly type-III OM at peak thermal maturity is present; suggesting end of hydrocarbon generation window. Low pyrolysis yields in these sediments could be due to thermal effects on OM. This study suggests that Sembar ivFormation is predominantly gas prone; while Lower Goru shales and Talhar shales may act as source rocks for both oil and gas in the area. In chapters 5 & 6, biomarker study has been undertaken on sediments, discussed under chapter 4, to predict the source, depositional environment, lithology and thermal maturity of OM. The samples from the Kohat Basin contain mixed OM predominantly terrestrial deposited in marine sediments. This has been indicated from low pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) ratios, samples location on Pr/nC 17 vs. Ph/nC 18 and steranes ternary diagrams. The presence of oleanane indicates some angiosperm input to the source rocks. The low C 29 /C 30 17α(H)-hopane and low C 35 homohopane index (HHI), low abundance of C 19 -C 29 tricyclic terpanes (TT) compared to hopanes, high abundances of C 24 tetracyclic terpane (TeT) and C 23 TT, and low steranes/hopanes support non-marine OM in evaporate depositional settings. While extremely low values of C 30 D/C 30 17α(H)-hopanes and C 29 Dia/Regular steranes suggest marine sediments. The ratios, C 32 22S/(22S + 22R) homohopane, moretane/hopane, C 29 20S/(20S + 20R) and αββ/(αββ + ααα) steranes and carbon preference indices (CPI & OEP) indicate mature nature of OM for Hangu, Lumshiwal and Chichali Formations. In the Lower Indus Basin, the Parh and Upper Goru Formations demonstrate the presence of algal OM deposited under anoxic to sub-oxic conditions. The algal nature of OM has been manifested by high relative distribution of C 27 5α(H), 14α(H), 17α(H) 20R (ααα- 20R) steranes on ternary plot. The samples are immature with respect to hopane and sterane isomerization ratios and hence not capable of generating hydrocarbons. The Lower Goru Formation including its members particularly Upper shale, Lower shale and Talhar shale has received mixed OM (predominantly terrestrial) deposited under oxic environment on the basis of Pr/Ph ratio, abundance of C 19 TT, C 20 TT and C 24 TeT relative to C 23 TT, relative distribution of C 29 /C 30 17α(H)-hopanes and C 29 /C 27 ααα-20R steranes. The OM in Lower Goru Formation samples is thermally mature on the basis of sterane and hopane isomerization ratios close to equilibrium values and CPI close to one with the exception of a few samples e.g. Dd-7, Ks-4 & Ks-6 and samples from well SMD-1. The Upper shale, Lower shale and Talhar shale samples from well SMD-1, show immature vdistribution of biomarkers maturity parameters on account of shallower depth (1410-2190 m) compared to same formations in well Ks-1 (2350-2962 m) which are more deeply buried and more mature. The Sembar Formation contains mixed OM, more terrigenous input at intervals (Dd-1), deposited under anoxic to sub-oxic conditions and exhibit C 32 22S/(22S + 22R) homohopane, moretane/hopane and sterane isomerization ratios typical of thermally mature OM. The study based on biomarker analysis reveals that OM in the Cretaceous sediments is of mixed origin, predominantly terrestrial and deposited in oxic to anoxic environment. The biomarker maturity parameters reveals that the Hangu, Lumshiwal and Chichali Formations in the Kohat Basin and the Lower Goru (including its members Upper shale, Lower shale and Talhar shale) and Sembar Formations in the Lower Indus Basin have reached maturity level equivalent to the main zone of hydrocarbons generation while Parh and Upper Goru Formations are immature and far from oil window. In chapter 7, geochemical analysis of the 10 crude oils from Cretaceous reservoirs of the Lower Indus Basin has been carried out using bulk properties and diagnostic biomarker parameters. Presence of full suite of n-alkanes, low isoprenoid/n-alkane ratios, elevated saturates/aromatics ratios, high API gravity and absence of unresolved complex mixture (UCM) are consistent with non-biodegraded nature of crude oils. Low sulfur content (<1 %) and high Pr/Ph ratio (2.14-5.27) suggest non-marine OM deposited in highly oxic depositional environments. Biomarker parameters like relative distribution of C 27 -, C 28 - and C 29 ααα-20R steranes, C 19 TT, C 23 TT, C 24 TeT, hopanes distribution, steranes/hopanes ratio, Pr/n-C 17 vs. Ph/n-C 18 plot and oleanane index suggest that the crude oils contain predominantly terrigenous OM. The crude oil samples are mature for CPI, C 32 22S/(22S + 22R) homohopanes, C 29 20S/(20S + 20R) and C 29 αββ/(αββ + ααα) sterane isomerization ratios. Based on a similar trend in data, the analyzed crude oils from the Lower Indus Basin are genetically related and could be classified into a single group. Geochemical correlation studies of crude oils and source rock sediments indicate that shales of the Lower Goru and Sembar Formations could be the probable source rocks for crude oils.
مولانا محمد اسحق جلیس یہ محسوس کرکے بڑادکھ ہوتاہے کہ تین مہینے کے اندر اندر دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء اپنے تین نامور اور لائق وفائق کارکنوں سے محروم ہوگیا۔جون میں مولانا محمد الحسنی ایڈیٹر البعث الاسلامی کی جواں مرگی کاحادثہ پیش آیا تھا۔جولائی میں مولانامحمد اسحق جلیس ایڈیٹر’ تعمیر حیات‘، اچانک ۴۴برس کی عمر میں داغ مفارقت دے گئے۔ مرحوم گوناگوں علمی وعملی خصوصیات کے مالک تھے، ندوہ کے فارغ التحصیل، انگریزی میں گریجویٹ اوربی لب، ہندی،پشتو اورمرہٹی زبانوں کے عالم اور تحریر وتقریر دونوں میں فردتھے۔ ان خصوصیات کے باعث ’’پیامِ انسانیت‘‘ تحریک میں مولانا سید ابوالحسن علی میاں کے دستِ راست تھے اوراس کے بعد اگست میں یہ تیسراحادثہ پیش آگیا۔برہان ان حوادث ِپیہم میں مولانا علی میاں اور تمام ارباب ندوۃ العلماء کے ساتھ دلی ہمدردی اورشرکت غم والم کااظہار کرتا ہے۔ [ستمبر۱۹۷۹ء]
Islam is a religion of peace and harmony. The Islamic teachings are guarantee of peaceful co-existence. A society which practices Islamic teachings of peaceful co-existence, brotherhood and cooperation makes advancement. Disharmony and non-tolerance causes societal decline. The article focuses the importance of peaceful co-existence in light of the Islamic teachings. Besides discussing the principles of societal peace mentioned in the holy Qur’an and Hadith, it has been elaborated that how these principles can be applied to achieve and maintain societal peace and order in contemporary times. The articles ends with some guiding principles and details as suggested in the Qur’an and Sunnah. A Muslim society can prosper only by adopting these principles in letter and spirit and resultantly their differences will be a thing of past. These guiding principles are as under: § Justice and Equality. § Guarantee to rights of all segments of society. § Abiding the rulers in lawful. § Promulgation of Islamic Sharia and observing its objectives. § Adopting moderate and balanced approach in religious matters. § Discharging the duty of preaching in light of Qur’an &Sunnah. § Cooperation in righteous &lawful and avoiding conflict. § Performing citizenry duties in light of Islamic Teachings. § Participating in reformative activities of society.
As the sense of fashion and modernism improves day by day the requests for apparel and clothing also increases. Hence, different kinds of garments, clothing and home textiles are industrialized to fulfill the increasing demands. Faisalabad; a city of Pakistan, is known for its different material enterprises. On the opposite side, this city additionally involved plentiful rural land. In Faisalabad irrigation is commonly done by reused sewage water from these textile units due to scarcity of better quality water. Agriculturists use surplus water to raise their crops as they consider it a healthier spring of nutrients, taking as substitution of excellent quality water round of the year. Heavy metals, i.e. lead, chromium, cadmium, and copper etc. are present in textile dyes which are used to assemble the dyestuffs. These metals which have been moved to the surroundings are noxious and can piled up` in the human body, water bodies and may incorporate in to the soil. To reclaim the metal degraded soils different practices are existing, amongst one is to incorporate organic and inorganic amendments in polluted soils to lessen the entry of metals into food chain by immobilizing them. Considering these evidences, a project was designed to observe the effect of organic and inorganic amendments to diminish the uptake of lethal metals in plants from textile effluent. Three tests were performed. In the first investigation the effluent acquired from different textile mills situated at different locations in Faisalabad and physico-chemical characterization of these effluent samples was done to check the pollution load. Heavy metal substances were also resolute in these samples by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results revealed that all the effluent samples had a substantial quantity of pollutants especially chromium (Cr) metal which was present in higher concentration as compared to other heavy metals. On the basis of results, it was determined that Dawood Textile Industry generated more polluted effluent containing high contents of Cr and drained out it in the main drains without treatment. Hence effluent was collected from Dawood Textiles to use it for irrigation in second and third experiments. In second experiment accumulation of Cr in shoots and roots of spinach was checked. In third trial effectiveness of poultry manure (PM) and gypsum to immobilize the Cr was checked. Vegetables were reaped at maturity. Growth and physiological parameters were analyzed. Plant samples were also examined for Cr and micronutrients concentration. The post-harvest soil was tested for chemical analysis and Cr concentration was also analyzed at the completion of the trial. The outcomes of various concentration of textile water 0, 10, 25, 50 and 100% on growth of spinach revealed that control plants had improved growth as there was no stress of effluents while major decrease in growth was noted in plants where 100% textile effluent was applied. Cr concentration was also high in plants irrigated with 100% textile effluent. The organic and inorganic amendments were reduced the uptake of Cr and also improved growth and physiology of plants. Moreover, from different levels of both the amendments poultry manure @ 1% with the combination of 50% textile effluent concentration proved to be more operative in dropping the uptake of Cr to different plant parts.