Studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of plastic mulches viz. black, clear and bare soil in the modification of plant growing environments on three hot pepper hybrids namely Sky Red, Maha and Wonder King in poly/plastic tunnels during the year 2005-06 and 2006-07. Hot pepper hybrids and plastic mulches had significant effect on plant growth and yield attributes. By using clear plastic mulch intensive weed proliferation was problematic issue; however under black plastic mulch almost complete weed suppression was achieved which results in increased fruit yield than hot peppers grown under clear plastic mulch and bare soil (control). The pattern of antioxidant accumulation was envisaged in hot peppers harvested at different stages; immature green, mature green, color break, red ripe and dried fruit. Capsaicinoids had significant distribution in mature green stage while progressive accretion of carotenoids and ascorbic acid was observed at dried and red ripe stage of all hybrids, respectively. However, the pattern of total phenolic contents biosynthesis was found significant at immature green stage in Sky Red where as in Maha at color break stage and in case of Wonder King at red ripe stage. Aflatoxin contamination in hot pepper hybrids was investigated under various temperatures (20, 25 and 30°C) and packaging regimes (polyethylene and jute bags) during five months storage period. Aflatoxin detection under these conditions had lower levels than the existing regulatory limits ascribed by European Commission (EC No. 1881/2006) that is 10μg kg -1 for total aflatoxins. Aflatoxin contamination and microbial load was increased significantly with the increase in temperature and storage duration which was heavily infested when samples packed in jute bags and stored at 25 and 30°C respectively. Storage duration and temperature regimes had inverse relation on antioxidant quality of hot pepper ecotypes as well. Further attempts were made to decontaminate aflatoxin contaminated samples of hot pepper hybrids (from previous study) subjected to gamma radiation (2, 4 and 6 kGy) and its effect on antioxidant stability was again assessed after three month storage. Higher the irradiation dose, lower the concentration of carotenoids and ascorbic acid ascertained in hot pepper ecotypes; however, capsaicinoids and polyphenols rendered greater stability at higher irradiation dose during storage. Irradiated samples of hot peppers had 7% xireduction in aflatoxin contamination as compared to non-irradiated (control). Total fungal population had inverse relation with increasing radiation dose and complete inhibition was observed when irradiated at 6 kGy and no further fungal proliferation was seen during three months storage at ambient conditions.
"یہودی" عبرانی زبان کا لفظ ہے جس کے معنی "یہودا کے قبیلہ سے" کے ہیں۔ یہودیت کا شمار دنیا کے قدیم ترین مذاہب میں ہوتا ہے جس کی تاریخ تقریباً 1500 سے 2000 سال قبل مسیح بیان کی جاتی ہے۔ تاریخی اعتبار سے اسے الہامی مذاہب میں سب سے قدیم مذہب مانا جاتا ہے۔ عصر حاضر میں یہودیوں کی کل تعداد تقریباً 14.7 ملین ہے۔ یہودیوں کو مختلف ادوار میں مختلف ناموں سے پکارا جاتا رہا ہے۔ ان میں سے ہر ایک نام کی تاریخ، اہمیت اور استعمال مختلف ہے۔ یہودیت میں ناموں کی اسی اہمیت کے پیش نظر ان ناموں کا مختصر تعارف ذیل میں درج کیا جا رہا ہے۔
عبرانی
پہلے پہل یہودیوں کو "عبرانی" کہا جاتا تھا۔ عبرانی بائیبل جسے تنخ اور عہد نامہ قدیم بھی کہا جاتا ہے یہودیوں کی مقدس کتاب ہے جس میں لفظ عبرانی کا اولین اطلاق آبرام /ابراہیمؑ کو بیان کرنے کے لیے کیا گیا ہے۔ [1] لفظ عبرانی کا ماخذ یا تو "ابر" ہے جو آبرام کے اجداد میں سے کسی کا نام تھا یا اس کا ماخذ "ایور" ہے جس کا مطلب "دوسری جانب کا" ہے۔ چونکہ وہ دریائے فرات کی دوسری جانب سے آئے تھے اس لیے عبرانی کہلائے۔ یہ بھی کہا جاتا ہے کہ وہ روحانی و اخلاقی طور پر اپنی قوم سے دوسری جانب تھے اس لیے انہیں عبرانی کہا جانے لگا۔ جب...
Living together is the natural instinct of human beings, who rely on communication for fulfilling their needs and conveying their feelings. A lively and peaceful life depends on effective communication which minimizes the chances of conflict. Whereas, ineffective communication leads to create ambiguities, misunderstandings and conflicts. Being a complete code of life, Islam provides the required guidelines for effective communication. The verses of the Holy Quran and Traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) highlight this topic. Similarly, the life of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is the practical example of effective communication. The current paper deals with the topic of effective communication in the light of Islamic teachings.
Chemotherapy is the mainstay treatment option for clinical cancer management. The treatment however brings myriad of signs and symtoms one of which include cognitive dysfunction also known as chemobrain. Human cognitive tasks are primarily conducted by hippocampal neurons in brain. The process of cognition primarily involved learning and memory by synaptic plasticity. This plasticity is structured by the process of long term potentiation (LTP). Proteins involved in LTP can be affected by chemotherapy leading to chemobrain. This work involves computational study of molecular interactions mediated by various chemotherapeutic drugs on LTP. Moreover, the study secondarily involves characterization of immediate early gene NPAS4 activated by LTP and identification of its dimerization characterstics by MD simulation. This precedes a computational assessment of 65 chemotherapeutic drugs for their off-target interactions against the major proteins involved in neuronal long term potentiation pathway. The cancer chemo-drugs were subjected to induced-fit docking followed by scoring alignment and drug-targets interaction analysis. The results were further probed by electrostatic potential computation and ligand binding affinity prediction of the top complexes. The study identified novel off-target interactions by Dactinomycin, Temsirolimus, and Everolimus against NMDA, AMPA, PKA and ERK2, while Irinotecan, Bromocriptine and Dasatinib were top interacting drugs for CaMKII. Secondarily this work presents the structural characterization of NPAS4 which is a neurological stimulation dependent transcription factor, accountable for adjusting the verbalization of genes tangled in neurotransmission. Although NPAS4 role has been implicated in various neurological deficits, details about its tertiary structure are scarcely available. Therefore, we executed the Phylogenetic analysis followed by determination of order-disorder proportion of amino acids with hydrophobic and flexible characteristics. As no cytsallized structure of NPAS4 available till date, we also studied its crystallization propensity alongwith post translational modifications and protein binding areas. The NPAS4 3 dimensional model was predicted via utilization of various methods such as MUSTER, LOMET, RAPTOR-X, Phyre, ITASSER and SPARSKS-X. The best model was opted via the analysis of Q-Mean, Ramachandran Plot and PROSA. The opted model then underwent refinement via MODREFINER. Lastly, the NPAS4 interaction partners were determined via STRING database. The phylogenetic analysis of human NPAS4 gene suggested close resemblance with other primates like gibbons, chimpanzees and monkey. The phsysicohemical characteristics of NPAS4 demonstrated it to be an intrinsically disordered protein withordered region on N-terminal. The post translational modification inquiry suggested lack of acetylation and mannosylation sites. The PAS-A domain constituted 3 potential phosphorylation sites while the PAS-B domain harbored 1 phosphorylation site. The estimated NPAS4 tertiary structure suggested bHLH and PAS domain harbor tertiary structure whilst the rest of the protein relected disorder property. The protein protein interaction scrutiny unfolded NPAS4 interaction with numerous proteins engaged in nuclear transportation of protein to cytoplasm, neurodevelopmental pathologies and neuronal stimulation based gene transcription. Furthermore, the analysis also briefed direct involvement of protein involved in neuronal plasticity and survival. The present study can help in substantiating NPAS4 role in neuromodulation of cell signaling and survival pathways.