جناب سیماب ؔاکبر آبادی
افسوس ہے کہ ہندوستان کے نامور شاعر جناب سیماب اکبر آبادی نے جو کچھ دنوں سے فالج میں مبتلا تھے، ۳۱؍ جنوری کو کراچی میں انتقال کیا، وہ داغ کی یادگار صاحبِ طرز اور موجودہ دور کے اساتذہ میں تھے۔
ان کے شاگردوں کا دائرہ بہت وسیع اور ان کا ایک خاص حلقہ تھا، انہوں نے اپنے رسالہ شاعر آگرہ کے ذریعہ اردو ادب و شاعری کی بڑی خدمت انجام دی، اور ہندوستان کے ان حصوں میں بھی جہاں شاعری کا چرچا کم تھا اس کا مذاق پیدا کردیا، اس لیے ان کی موت تنہا ایک شاعر کی نہیں، بلکہ ایک محسنِ ادب اور خدمت گذار اردو کی موت ہے، اﷲ تعالیٰ انکو اپنی رحمت و مغفرت کی داد و تحسین سے نوازے۔
(شاہ معین الدین ندوی، فروری ۱۹۵۱ء)
The role of youth in development of any society is vital. They are the vanguard of any nation. The youth cannot play their role properly and positively unless they understand their responsibilities fully. Creating sense of responsibility in individual of a society especially in its youth is inevitable for the collective and dynamic development of a society. The life of the holy Prophet (r) is a complete guide for all spheres of our life. It is evident from the teachings of the holy Prophet (r) and the general commandments of Islam that the youth play a very important role in socio economic and politico educational development. The holy Prophet (r) showed complete confidence in youth. He delegated them with different responsibilities, provided complete guidance and encouraged them for discharging their duties properly. The companions of the holy Prophet (r) who embraced Islam as a result of his first invitation were young between the ages of 20 to 30. The worst enemy of Islam- Abu Jahal was got killed by two young brothers. Likewise a young man Muṣ‘ab bin ‘Umayr (Ï) was sent to Madina, and Mu‘āz bin Jabal (Ï) and Abu Mūsá Ash‘arī (Ï) were sent to Yemen. Zayd bin Thābit (Ï) was directed to learn other languages. He also compiled the holy Qur’ān in Caliphate of Abū Bakar (Ï). The holy Prophet appointed Ḥuzayfa (Ï) to take census. For creating leadership characteristics, Usāmah bin Zayd was sent to different war expeditions. These are ample proofs of holy Prophet’s confidence he had in the youth.
Background: Nearly one-third of the global population, i.e. two billion people, is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is at risk of developing the disease. More than eight million people develop active tuberculosis (TB) every year, with about two million dying from the disease annually. Diagnosis of tuberculosis inKenya remains dependent on smear microscopy. New methods of TB diagnosis are needed which have better accuracy and are still cost effective. Molecular methods of TB diagnosis have come under investigation in a lot of studies recently. However, they have their own limitations including the inability to differentiate between active organisms and dead bacilli in specimens.
Aim: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of the Genotype® MTBDRplus assay in the detection of resistance to Isoniazid and Rifampicin in mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates.
Materials and methods: This is a descriptive and comparative study in which the performance of a new laboratory assay will be compared to the existing (reference) method. All sputum specimens submitted for TB culture and sensitivity to the Aga Khan University Hospital Laboratory microbiology section during the period from August 2008 – April 2009 were included in the study. All sputum specimens submitted underwent smear microscopy, culture and sensitivity testing by the MGIT 960 system and DNA extraction and Genotype MTBDRplus assay for both the direct specimen as well the positive culture tube.
Results: 202 sputum specimens were included in the study. Valid phenotypic DST results were obtained for 135 cultures (68%). The number of strains resistant toRIF and INH was 4.5%, 14% respectively. Valid GenoType® MTBDRplus assay results were obtained for 116 DNA extracts (86%).
Sensitivity and specificity of the test for the detection of Isoniazid resistance were 0.68 (95% CI: 0.43 - 0.87) and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.95 - 0.99) respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of the test for the detection Rifampicin resistance was 0.78 (95% CI: 0.40 - 0.97) and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.96 - 1.00) respectively.
Comparative analysis demonstrated scientifically acceptable overall agreement between molecular (sputum specimens) and phenotypic DST results as shown below (Cohen’s Kappa = 0.76 (95% CI: 0.59 - 0.93) for Isoniazid resistance and Cohen’s Kappa = 0.81 (95% CI: 0.60 - 1.02) for Rifampicin resistance
Conclusions: The Genotype MTBDRplus assay demonstrated acceptable sensitivity and specificity for use in laboratory diagnosis of Tuberculosis and the detection of drug resistance.