Diversification patterns within the Himalayan region have been paramount to the understanding of worldwide biodiversity. Apart from recent wide scale report, a hyperdiverse genus of the temperate region under angiosperm—Carex L. (Cyperaceae), consists of ca. 2100 species globally has not been examined in the Himalayan region, which covers 189 Himalayan Carex taxa. The timing, phylogenetic relationship and ecological diversification of Himalayan lineage in this remarkable genus were aimed to infer. Particularly inspected whether priority and adaptation to this ecological system, or both enlighten the success of radiation from the Kobresia clade (~ 60 species, among which ca. 40 are the Himalayan) of Himalayan Carex. The Phylogenetic patterns were evaluated employing maximum likelihood method (ML) of two (ITS and ETS) nrDNA regions and one (matK) plastid gene; the ML tree was used for time-calibration under penalized likelihood approach and with a fossil calibrated at the base of the tree. The estimation of phylogeographical reconstruction for ancestral ranges and historical processes was achieved with the model, dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis (DEC) implemented in BioGeoBEARS and reciprocal impacts of diversification were analyzed employing the model, geographic state speciation and extinction (GeoSSE). The climatic niche for all Carex species with available mapped georeferenced specimen data were assessed along with climatic records from WORLDCLIM, and therefore, niche evolution was estimated with a group of two models for adaptive range shift and inferring ancestral character states under Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (O-U) models and a Brownian motion model, respectively. During the exploration of Carex flora across the Western Himalayan range Carex simpliciuscula Wahlenb. (1803: 141), previously with doubtful record in the Flora of Pakistan, was confirmed for the region. The Himalayan taxa appears in three of the five reported major Carex clades, and characterized by multiple origins within each major clade. The oldest Himalayan Carex radiation was dated back to ~ 20 Ma, close the period of Himalayan orogeny, contributed to now abundant the Kobresia clade through longdistance migration from the region Nearctic. The Carex taxa in the Himalayas represents a heterogeneous model of diversifications derived from all through the cosmopolitan, however mostly temperate radiations. Several Himalayan radiations are relatively recently evolved, on the other hand, the most widespread and diverse Himalayan Kobresia radiation appeared at the lower Miocene. The timing and predominance of Hiamalayan taxa in Kobresia clade distributed in great elevation Himalayan meadows reveals that Kobresia may have eliminated other Carex taxa (non Kobresia) due to the consequence of mainly priority, competitive exclusion and historical contingency. A significant biodiversity needs to be discovered in order to explore new flora for the region. Around seventy specimens of 19 species collected with GPS reading of collecting sites from Western Himalayas (Pakistan) and 21 species requested from different herbaria, collectively made 40 for this study. Carex simpliciuscula, a new flora and numerous new collection localities for this region were explored. Additionally, morphological characters of pistillate scales studied particularly under scanning electron microscope seem to contribute to identifying taxa for the region. Therefore, these findings encourage further research on micro- and macromorphological studies of pistillate scales in Carex.
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
32:01 a. Alif. Lam. Mim.
32:02 a. There is absolutely no doubt that this Book - The Divine Qur’an - has been sent down from Rabb -The Lord of all existence.
32:03 a. Or do they still allege: b. He – The Prophet – has forged it? c. No! d. In fact, it is The Truth from your Rabb - The Lord. e. Its purpose is that you may warn a people to whom no Warner had been assigned before you from the time of Ishmael, the firstborn of Abraham, f. so that they may reflect upon it and be guided aright.
32:04 a. It is Allah WHO created without a precedent the celestial realm and the terrestrial world, and whatever is between and beyond them, in six days/time span, b. then, HE established HIMSELF upon The Throne of Almightiness. c. You have no protector and no intercessor other than HIM. d. So will you then not reflect and believe?
32:05 a. HE directs the affairs of the terrestrial world from the celestial realm, i.e., The Throne of Almightiness, b. then the affairs will all ascend to HIM for resolution on a Day, c. the extent of which is as long as it were equivalent to one thousand years which you count.
32:06 a. Such is HE - Allah! b. The Knower of the ‘unknown’ - all that is beyond the reach of human perception, and the ‘known’ - all that can be apparently visualized by human senses. c. HE is The...
The Quran is the complete code of life and the fountainhead of guidance for all peoples till the last Day. When the Quran itself does not speak directly or in detail about a certain subject, Muslims only then turn to alternative sources of Islamic Law is this way the companions of the Prophet Muhammad (BPUH) would asking Him when they were not able to find a specific legal ruling in the Quran in spite they were Arabians. With the passage of time slowly gradually new issues and problems are to be faced by peoples in different times. Sometimes the companions & the followers not only salved those issues & problems in the light of Quran & Sunnah, but also played a significant role in such cases. To find the solution of any problem in the light of primary sources of Islam is called Etiology. Etiology has a significant role in the Sharia’s sources of analogy. To illustrate this, analogical reasoning can be viewed in this article.
Dielectric Characterization Using High Q Microwave Resonators This dissertation presents a very efficient and robust method of dielectric characterization through high quality factor resonant structures. The resonant structures employed in this work acts as sensing elements which are not only cost effective but also easy to integrate with other components for System-in-Package applications. These sensors work on the principle of resonant perturbation theory due to which there is a shift in resonant frequency and change in bandwidth as soon as they are loaded with a sample material. This perturbation is relative to the dielectric properties of the loaded material hence through prior calibration unknown parameters of the sample material can be determined with excellent accuracy. Two classes of sensors based on Dielectric Resonator (DR) and Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) cavity are reported. The DR sensor offers high accuracy and excellent repeatability with straight forward MUT loading mechanism. The TM01δ resonant mode is excited to keep maximum E-field concentration in the middle of DR. This arrangement ensures maximum perturbation of the DR when the sample material is loaded. Organic liquid mixtures as well as powdered chemicals are measured for their concentration using this DR. SIW cavity is another structure which is investigated for dielectric characterization application of solids and in particular to estimate moisture content in a single wheat kernel. The wheat kernel is loaded inside cavity through a hole drilled in the appropriate location that results in shifting the resonant frequency of SIW cavity which is operated in TE101 or TE102 resonant mode. High quality factor and planar topology of SIW is very attractive for such applications. A relatively different technique of liquid characterization by varying the coupling coefficient of an SIW filter is also proposed. A two pole SIW filter is used in which the two resonators are coupled through a stub line. The sample is mounted on the coupling section of the filter resulting in the variation of the coupling coefficient and xi this variation is proportional to the electrical properties of the liquid under test, thus through prior calibration the liquid mixture concentration is determined. All the proposed techniques in this work can be easily transformed into a standalone handheld device by integrating peripheral electronics for measurements. Since the resonant perturbation technique is applied in association with the standard reference samples which are used for calibrating the system prior to its usage therefore, the handheld system does not require very high precision RF components.