Aphid parasitoids are important bio-control agents, being used in aphid pest management in the field as well as in greenhouses worldwide. Over 400 species of parasitoids are described worldwide and most of them are being used as a basis of integrated pest management (IPM). In Pakistan, only 30 species of aphid parasitoids were reported; out of those 11 species were recorded from Potohar region of Punjab Province of Pakistan. Keeping in view this low level of basic research on these important insects, mummified aphids, adult parasitoids and hyperparasitoids were collected from various localities of Punjab during 2005-08. A total of 10827 parasitoid individuals were collected consisting of 30 species in 8 genera belonging to subfamily Aphidiinae along with 58 new trophic associations and 184 new locality records. Nine species namely: Aphidius gifuensis, Aphidius hortensis, Aphidius hieraciorum, Aphidius phalangomyzi, Aphidius salicis, Aphidius sonchi, Binodoxys basicurvus, Binodoxys rubicula and Binodoxys angelicae are recorded for the first time from Pakistan. A species, Trioxys aridunivercena sp. nov. is described as a new to science record. In addition, a total of 1257 hyperparasitoid individuals were collected consisting of 6 species in 6 genera from 3 subfamilies along with 19 new trophic associations and 51 new locality records. One species, namely Alloxysta carinata is a new record for Pakistan. Host plants and primary parasites of A. carinata are new scientific records. Two species, Phaenoglyphis punjabensis sp. nov. and Dendrocerus rawalena sp. nov. are new scientific records. Identification keys for all recorded species have been prepared. Species are illustrated by their valid names, synonyms, measurement of various body parts, xviitritrophic association, comparison of characters from published descriptions for new records to country and comprehensive characters description for new science specimens has also been provided. The known distribution of all the species is also updated. A map is provided for the distribution of each of them. Biology of most common and voracious parasitoids is given. As Diaeretiella rapae is the most common parasitoid so its general biology including study of various life stages along with some biological parameters like copulation time, pre-mating time, oviposition time and adult longevity have been given. Biological parameters like mummy colouration, position and shape of emergence hole of parasitoids and hyperparasitoids have been given for two aphid species namely, Aphis gossypii and Aphis fabae. Sex ratio of field collected populations of the parasitoid species like Diaeretiella rapae, Aphidius transcaspicus, Aphidius uzbikistanicus, Aphidius avenae, Aphidius smithi and Binodoxys anglicae emerged from the mummies of various species of aphids have been determined and was found female biased. Sex ratio of all recorded parasitoids and hyperparasitoids species are calculated and found to be female biased. A list of trophic associations of host plants, aphids, parasitoids and hyperparasitiods has been provided. Presence and absence of various aphid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids in various localities of Punjab is also tabulated for future reference.
ڈاکٹرشہزاد احمد بطور محقق و نقاد (الف)اُردو نعت پاکستان میں: ایک جائزہ شعبۂ نعت کا ہر گوشہ رسول کریم صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم سے محبت اور عقیدت کے اظہار کا ذریعہ ہے۔ ڈاکٹر شہزاد احمد نے نبی کریم صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم سے محبت کے اظہار کے لیے اپنے تحقیقی مقالے (نعتیہ شاعری کا تحقیقی جائزہ پاکستان کے خصوصی حوالے سے )یعنی ’’اُردو نعت پاکستان میں‘‘ کو وسیلہ بنایا ہے۔ یہ موصوف کا پی ایچ ڈی کا مقالہ ہے جس پر جامعہ کراچی نے ڈاکٹر یٹ کی سند سے نوازا ہے۔ یہ مقالہ موضوعات کی اہمیت اور معلومات کے استناد کی بدولت اُردو نعت شناسی کا ایک اہم سنگ میل ہے۔ کوئی محقق اس مقالے سے صرف نظر کرکے نعت کی حالیہ روایت سے کماحقہ آشنا نہیں ہو سکتا۔ اس مقالے کی تکمیل ۲۰۱۲ء میں ہوئی۔ حافظ عبدالغفار حافظ نے اس کی جو تاریخ نکالی ہے، وہ ملاحظہ ہو: کیجیے حافظ رقم تاریخ اجرائے سند روشنی طبع ’’اُردو نعت پاکستان میں‘‘ ۲۰۱۲ء -iنعت گوئی کا تحقیقی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ پہلا باب ’’نعت گوئی کا تحقیقی وتجزیاتی مطالعہ‘‘ نعت کی روایت پر مبنی ہے۔ اس میں عربی اورفارسی نعت کے ارتقا کے ساتھ اُردو نعت کے شعرا کا بھی بھرپور ذکرکیا ہے۔اس کے علاوہ اس باب کے مباحث میں ’’شاعری اور قرآن کریم ، خالق کائنات سب سے پہلا وصاف رسول صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم، اولین نعت میں محققین کی ترجیحات ، اولیات نعت، مدینے کی بچیوں کا خیرمقدمی گیت، حضرت صفیہ بنت عبدالمطلب ، حضرت عاتکہ بنت عبدالمطلب ، حضرت خنسا ، شعرالجنی یا شعرا لمجہول، مبشرات کی اہمیت ،نعت کی افادیت، نعت کا مجموعۂ اوّل ام الکتاب قرآن مجید، قرآن پاک میں نعت، احادیث نبوی میں نعت، نعت کے لغوی واصطلاحی معانی، عہد نبوی میں نعت اورخلفائے راشدین کے...
The first main objective of Maqasid I Shari`ah is the completion of human’s necessity; in which protection of progeny (nasl) is the foremost purpose. The preservation of lineage is greatly emphasized by the Islamic Shariah and the Cairo declaration of human rights in Islam also supported the protection of lineage in Islam. All the articles of CDHRI covered the five basic human rights mentioned in Maqasid I Shariah. The research is focused on delineating the concept of protection of lineage as one of the main objective of Shariah and it is supported by evidences from Cairo Declaration of Human Rights in Islam along with Quranic verses and traditions of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W). The aspects covered in the paper range from discussion of right of progeny as well as equal rights of progeny for male and female; rights of children with the hierarchy of their rights from the stage of fetus, having proper nursing, caring, education and a healthy beginning of life. The comparative analysis based on arguments of Shariah and the CDHRI proves that it is the basic objective of Shariah to protect all fundamental rights and right of progeny has the foremost significance in it.
Introduction: Ankle joint and foot injuries are among the commonest injuries seen at the Accident and Emergency Department of any hospital. Within the United States it is the second most common musculoskeletal injury seen by physicians. Assessment of these injuries is done clinically and when deemed necessary a radiograph is requested. Studies have shown that radiographs are ordered in over 95% of cases yet the prevalence of fractures is in the range of 15-20%. This means that more than 80% of patients are exposed to unnecessary radiation. The Ottawa ankle rules have been designed to reduce the need for performing X-ray examinations in these patients and thus reduce healthcare costs significantly. The rules have not been utilised or validated in an african set-up within a private institution similar to our setting and yet could significantly reduce costs and time in management of these patients. This study thus aimed to validate the Ottawa ankle rules within our local setting and assess the impact of introduction of the rules.
Materials and methods: The study was a cross sectional study done within the setting of Aga Khan University Hospital Accident and Emergency Department and the orthopaedic outpatient clinics. The Physicians were trained on how to use the rules. After obtaining consent, patients were enrolled in the study, before examination based on the criteria set out in the Ottawa rules was carried out. Subsequently they were sent for radiographs to confirm the presence or absence of a fracture. Data collected was entered into a data sheet and analysed for sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values when using the Ottawa ankle rules.
Results: The study recruited 175 patients over a six month period. There were 27 fractures with an incidence of 15.0%. The decision rule had a sensitivity of 96.3% (79.1 to 99.8%) and specificity of 57.4% (49.0 to 65.4%). The negative predictive value was 98.8% (92.7 to 99.9%). Application of these rules showed a potential of reducing the requested radiographs by 43.0%.
Conclusion: The study results have shown that implementation of the rules will results in significant savings in cost, time and unnecessary radiation exposure.