Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) is a notorious pest of various fields and horticultural crops worldwide. Insecticides application ultimately responsible for resistance development in H. armigera, unsafe for the environment and natural enemies of insect pests. To withstand the pesticides resistance, biological control successfully helps in reducing pest population. Bracon hebetor is a cosmopolitan species that have the ability to parasitize a wide range of lepidopteran and few coleopteran hosts. As H. armigera fed on wide host range so, quality and quantity of food nutrients provided at the time of Bracon hebetor larval development is a crucial step. The need of the current research project is to focus on which best suited semi-synthetic artificial diet of H. armigera; B. hebetor developmental parameters are good and further, how it can effectively be used under the scenario of ecological conditions after getting reared on efficient host for the control of H. armigera. So we can utilize B. hebetor as an efficient biological control agent for H. armigera management. Study objectives were to screen out the best suited artificial diet of H. armigera for the rearing of B. hebetor. Investigation of B. hebetor life history traits on most efficient hosts from the screened host species for the effective rearing of B. hebetor. Determination of the effect of temperature, relative humidity regimes and host larval densities on the life history traits of B. hebetor parasitizing H. armigera. B. hebetor parasitization, reproduction, development, fitness related traits and life table parameters were observed on different pyralids, noctuids, gelechiids and curculionids under laboratory conditions (25±2°C and 70±5%) in order to find out the most suitable host for the mass rearing and inundative release purposes to control H. armigera. Results indicated that among four semi-synthetic diets (gram, rice, wheat and corn) of H. armigera, gram flour mediated diet was responsible for good biological and developmental parameters of B. hebetor under laboratory conditions. It can be successfully used for the rearing of H. armigera as a host for good parasitism and development of B. hebetor. Though, H. armigera itself was not an excellent host for the continuous rearing of parasitoid therefore, seven different hosts (six from Lepidoptera and one Coleoptera) were utilized to screen out the suitable one. Results showed that the pyralids hosts (E. kuehniella, C. cephalonica vii and G. mellonella) gave the best results for daily fecundity, parasitoid survival to adulthood, development time and female biased sex ratio followed by H. armigera and the worst reproduction occurred on H. postica. Among the most efficient screened pyralid hosts, B. hebetor biological parameters and fitness related traits were excellent on E. kuehniella as compared to C. cephalonica. So production of good fitness traits (wing area, tibia size and dry mass), excellent biological parameters (good immature numbers and adults emergence), short egg-adult development time and changes in THCs provide a good means for the immature development of B. hebetor within the parasitized E. kuehniella for several days. Temperature relative humidity regimes and H. armigera larval densities significantly affect the biological and developmental parameters of B. hebetor. Excellent life history parameters of B. hebetor parasitizing gram diet fed H. armigera were observed at 25°C and 60% R.H. combination. Among various larval densities of H. armigera good biological parameters of B. hebetor like production of immature numbers, short egg-adult development time, survivorship and female progeny production was significantly good on five larval density of H. armigera offered for parasitization. Therefore, it is recommended that gram mediated diet is best suited for the rearing of H. armigera in order to find out the best suited temperature, humidity combination and host larval density in the field release planning and maintenance of B. hebetor population for long term field crops management to control H. armigera. On the other hand B. hebetor quality progeny production on E. kuehniella make this insect of great potential to serve as valuable material for laboratory rearing and inundative field release to control H. armigera larval populations.
میرے تقریبا آدھی صدی کے ادبی سفر میں میرا زیادہ تر وقت ادبی نطرئیے کی تنقید اور اس کی تفھیم اور تشریح میں گذرے۔ اس حوالے سے میں نے چار کتابیں ' جدید تھیٹر' ، ساختیات'، تنقیدی تحریرین اور ' تنقیدی مخاطبہ' کے نام سے چار کتابیں لکھی اور سیکرو مضامین ادب کے تنقیدی نظرئیے پر لکھے جو اردو اور انگریزی کے ادبی اور علمی جرائد میں شائع ہوئے۔ میں نے یہ محسوس کیا کی اردو کا ادبی اور تنقیدی محاول ادبی تنقیدی نظرئیے میں زیادہ سنجیدہ نہیں ہے یا شاید اس کو یہ سمھ نہیں آتا۔
یہ خاکسار آج مابعد جدید نظرئیے پر اساسی اور چند اہم نکات پر مختصرا بات کرے گا۔ اور یہ بھی چاہوں گا کی شفاف اور آسان زبان میں " مابعد جدیدت" کا مفہوم واضح ہو جائے۔
*** مابعد جدیدت کیا ہے؟ ***
مابعد جدیدیت ایک ادبی صنف اور اسلوب کے لیے ایک اصطلاح ہے جو 20ویں صدی کے دوسرے نصف میں ابھری۔ مابعد جدیدیت کی تعریف میں، ادب نئی خوبیوں اور خصوصیات کو اپناتا ہے جو اس سے پہلے کی دہائیوں میں نہیں تھیں۔ مابعد جدیدیت پسند مصنفین نے اپنی زندگی کے دوران دنیا میں رونما ہونے والے اہم واقعات کے گرد اپنے شدید احساسات کو تلاش کرنے کے لیے قائم کردہ ادبی کنونشنوں کو کمزور کرنے کی کوشش کی۔
ایک عام اور وسیع تر اصطلاح جس کا اطلاق ادب، فن، فلسفہ، فن تعمیر، افسانہ، اور ثقافتی اور ادبی تنقید پر ہوتا ہے۔ مابعد جدیدیت بڑی حد تک سائنسی، یا مقصدی، حقیقت کی وضاحت کی کوششوں کے مفروضہ یقین کا ردعمل ہے۔ جوہر میں، یہ ایک...
The people of Sindh throughout history remain always very tolerate with one another personal belief. In this context the first person who write down the biography of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in Sindhi language was a Hindu namely Lal chand amr dino mal jugtiani, his book “Muhammad Rasoolullah P.B.U.H.” published in 1911 A.D. He not only written biography but also condemn those prejudice orientalist as well as native masses against their extremes behavior on pious character and caliber of noble Prophet of Islam. He along with other few notable writers namely Jath mal pursaram guljarani “Paighmbar-i- Islam”. Amar lal vasan mal hingorani “Mir Muhammad Arabi” 1947 A.D and an English book translated by Hout chand dial mal jughtyani “Isalm jo Paighabar” 1931 A.D. In this article researcher highlights their work along with their brief life sketch.
Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are popular due to their programming flexibility and ease of design modification. However, the benefits of reconfigurability and reusability of FPGAs are also responsible for their inefficiencies compared to Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). FPGAs suffer huge gap in terms of area, power and speed as compared to ASICs. Despite their inefficiency, FPGAs are still replacing ASICs in mid and low-volume products. This thesis explores the design space between FPGA and ASIC. Several architectural modifications are proposed in the FPGA to get feasible architectures that lie between an ASIC and an FPGA. ThisthesisexploresthefeasibilityofSRAM-TablesharinginFPGAarchitectureswithlarger LUT sizes. SRAM-Table sharing based FPGA architecture allows sharing of SRAM-Table among NPN-equivalent functions, thus allowing reduction in the area as well as the numberofconfigurationbits.ToaccommodatethisconceptinexistingFPGAarchitecture,anew CLB architecture is proposed with LUT input sizes greater than four, higher degree of sharing, and more shared pairs. The CAD flow is also modified to efficiently map the netlists ontheproposedarchitecture.ExperimentalresultsonMCNCbenchmarkcircuitssuggestan overall area reduction of 7% while maintaining the same critical path delay and no compromise on FPGA programming flexibility. Manydigitalsystemsprovidemultiplebutcloselyrelatedfunctionalities,notallofthemare required simultaneously. Dedicated hardware solution for each functionality will waste too much silicon area. This work also explores shared hardware solution for a set of functionalities which will execute only one functionality at a time. The shared hardware solutions explored in this thesis are termed as ASIF++ and Multi-Circuit. A previously proposed technique named as Application Specific Inflexible FPGA (ASIF) is further enhanced to propose ASIF++. An ASIF is a customized design for a given set of application circuits, which is generated by significantly optimizing the routing resources ofanFPGA.ThisworkoptimizeslogicblocksofASIFusingSRAM-tablesharingtechnique. Moreover,SRAMsintheroutingnetworkareremovedbyapplyinggateinsertiontechnique. Thistechniquenotonlyreducesarea,butalsominimizesreconfigurationtime,bitstreamsize and size of external memory used to store circuit bitstreams. ASIF++ is 4∼9% area efficient than ASIF for group of 2-5 circuits. Thisthesisfurtherexploresthefeasibilityofsharedhardwaresolution.LogicblocksofASIF++ are further optimized to a shared hardware named as "Multi Circuit". It is a customized single platform shared ASIC for a known set of applications. Multi-circuit is primarily meant to be integrated as an embedded component in a larger design such as an SoC (System On Chip). Experiments reveal that Multi-Circuit is 73% ∼ 89% smaller than its corresponding FPGA design. Multi-Circuit is also 18%∼ 42% smaller than ASIF++. An automatic hardware generator is also presented that generates VHDL models of MultiCircuit and ASIF++, and bitstreams of the circuits mapped on them.