Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) is a notorious pest of various fields and horticultural crops worldwide. Insecticides application ultimately responsible for resistance development in H. armigera, unsafe for the environment and natural enemies of insect pests. To withstand the pesticides resistance, biological control successfully helps in reducing pest population. Bracon hebetor is a cosmopolitan species that have the ability to parasitize a wide range of lepidopteran and few coleopteran hosts. As H. armigera fed on wide host range so, quality and quantity of food nutrients provided at the time of Bracon hebetor larval development is a crucial step. The need of the current research project is to focus on which best suited semi-synthetic artificial diet of H. armigera; B. hebetor developmental parameters are good and further, how it can effectively be used under the scenario of ecological conditions after getting reared on efficient host for the control of H. armigera. So we can utilize B. hebetor as an efficient biological control agent for H. armigera management. Study objectives were to screen out the best suited artificial diet of H. armigera for the rearing of B. hebetor. Investigation of B. hebetor life history traits on most efficient hosts from the screened host species for the effective rearing of B. hebetor. Determination of the effect of temperature, relative humidity regimes and host larval densities on the life history traits of B. hebetor parasitizing H. armigera. B. hebetor parasitization, reproduction, development, fitness related traits and life table parameters were observed on different pyralids, noctuids, gelechiids and curculionids under laboratory conditions (25±2°C and 70±5%) in order to find out the most suitable host for the mass rearing and inundative release purposes to control H. armigera. Results indicated that among four semi-synthetic diets (gram, rice, wheat and corn) of H. armigera, gram flour mediated diet was responsible for good biological and developmental parameters of B. hebetor under laboratory conditions. It can be successfully used for the rearing of H. armigera as a host for good parasitism and development of B. hebetor. Though, H. armigera itself was not an excellent host for the continuous rearing of parasitoid therefore, seven different hosts (six from Lepidoptera and one Coleoptera) were utilized to screen out the suitable one. Results showed that the pyralids hosts (E. kuehniella, C. cephalonica and G. mellonella) gave the best results for daily fecundity, parasitoid survival to adulthood, development time and female biased sex ratio followed by H. armigera and the worst reproduction occurred on H. postica. Among the most efficient screened pyralid hosts, B. hebetor biological parameters and fitness related traits were excellent on E. kuehniella as compared to C. cephalonica. So production of good fitness traits (wing area, tibia size and dry mass), excellent biological parameters (good immature numbers and adults emergence), short egg-adult development time and changes in THCs provide a good means for the immature development of B. hebetor within the parasitized E. kuehniella for several days. Temperature relative humidity regimes and H. armigera larval densities significantly affect the biological and developmental parameters of B. hebetor. Excellent life history parameters of B. hebetor parasitizing gram diet fed H. armigera were observed at 25°C and 60% R.H. combination. Among various larval densities of H. armigera good biological parameters of B. hebetor like production of immature numbers, short egg-adult development time, survivorship and female progeny production was significantly good on five larval density of H. armigera offered for parasitization. Therefore, it is recommended that gram mediated diet is best suited for the rearing of H. armigera in order to find out the best suited temperature, humidity combination and host larval density in the field release planning and maintenance of B. hebetor population for long term field crops management to control H. armigera. On the other hand B. hebetor quality progeny production on E. kuehniella make this insect of great potential to serve as valuable material for laboratory rearing and inundative field release to control H. armigera larval populations.
اقرار کی مسدسِ مصطفی ﷺ پروفیسرڈاکٹرمحمدافتخارشفیع نعت کو دیگر اصناف ادب پر وہی تفوق حاصل ہے جو اس کی موضوعہ ہستی کو باقی انسانوں پرہے(یعنی بعدازخدا.....)۔گزشتہ صدیوں میںنعت کا تخلیق کردہ سرمایہ بہت زیادہ ہونے کے باوجود طلب سے کم ہے۔زمانوں کے تغیر نے کیسے کیسے نامیوں کے نشانات کو بود سے نابود کردیا ۔ دنیا کے فٹ پاتھ سے انسانی نسلوں کے نہ جانے کتنے گروہ بے خیالی میں گزر گئے ،ایسی مقدس ہستیاں بہت کم ہیں جنھوں نے جلوسِ جہاں میں اپنی یادوں کے دستخط ثبت کیے ۔وقت کے بہتے دھارے نے انسانی چہروں پر فراموشی کی دھول جما دی، لیکن چنیدہ لوگوں میں سر فہرست ایک باکمال ذات ایسی بھی ہے کہ وقت کا یہ سیلِ بے پناہ اس کے جمال ِپرانوار میں روز بہ روز اضافہ کرتا جارہا ہے۔اس کا ذکر حسب ِوعدہ بلند سے بلند تر ہوتا جارہا ہے ۔دنیا کے دیگر مذاہب اور عقاید میں تصویریں اور بت بنا کر اپنے مشاہیر کو خراج تحسین پیش کرنے کی روایت موجود تھی،اسلام میں اس کی سخت ممانعت کی وجہ سے پیغمبراسلام ﷺ کی خدمت میں الفاظ کا نذرانہ بہ ذریعہ نعت پیش کرنے کا آغاز ہوا۔ نعت کی صنف اپنے جلو میں متعدد فکری زاویے رکھتی ہے ۔آپ جناب سرکار صلی اللہ علیہ وآلہ وسلم کی سیرت کے ساتھ ساتھ صورت میں بھی نورونکہت کی ہمیشگیاں فی الحقیقت اسی مقدار میں موجود ہیں جسے دوسرے لفظوں میں خیر کثیر کہا جاتا ہے۔جس طرح زندگی کے جمالیاتی زاویوں کی افادیت سے انکار ممکن نہیں بالکل اسی طرح اس عظیم ہستی کے جمال پرنور کی عظمت سے کیسے انکارممکن ہے۔ہماری شاعری میں داخلی کیفیات کی ترجمانی ہو، یا ملت کے اصلاح احوال کے تذکرے، ملتِ بیضا کی مشکلات کو استغاثے کی صورت میں بیان کرنے کا ہنر ہو یا حسن وجمال روحانی نقش گری...
During Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's term as Prime Minister, the law and order situation deteriorated throughout the country in general, and in the provinces of NorthWest Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and Balochistan in particular. For multiple reasons, the mutual distrust between Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and the political leaders of the respective provinces never allowed them to overcome their personal and party interests and establish a harmonious working relationship. Accusations of conspiracy, worsening law and order, and political assassinations, were the dilemmas that agitated the whole country. One of the victims of the political assassination was Hayat Muhammad Khan Sherpao, a leading activist of the Pakistan People's Party and former Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The incident of his murder commenced the series of legal disputes and cases of treason filed against the opposition leaders in courts and tribunals, which marred the political scenario of the country till the very end of the Bhutto era. The lack of research on political assassinations in Pakistan is a crucial oversight, especially considering the frequency of the phenomenon and its implications. This study attempts to highlight the main theoretical and political implications of assassinations and identifies some promising directions for further research, in the hope that this unique type of political violence will be better understood in the future.
The study attempts to critically examine the current state of nuclear deterrence stability between South Asian arch rivals – India and Pakistan – in the context of non-state actors and their potential to cause nuclear terrorism and nuclear crises in the region. India and Pakistan use selective non-state actors for proxy warfare against each other. Both provide rationale and logic behind such dangerous policies. The study tries to empirically investigate this „peculiar‟ behavior of both the nuclear states and examines possible repercussions on nuclear deterrence stability in South Asia. While emphasizing the rapidly increasing trajectories of nuclear arsenals in both the states, the study analyses the impact of such trends on nuclear doctrines of India and Pakistan. Furthermore, the dissertation notes how technological and doctrinal changes could endanger nuclear deterrence keeping in view the undermining role of non-state actors in the region. The main focus of the study is to evaluate the “sky is falling” argument by discussing possible scenarios of nuclear escalation between both the nuclear states.