Seventy eight wild Wallago attu and eighty Sperata sarwari of different body sizes were collected for analysis of body composition, morphometric parameters and elemental concentration. Each sampled was measured, weighed, dried and powdered for the analysis of water content, ash content, fat content and protein content. It was observed that highly significant inverse correlations exist between percent water content and percent ash content (wet weight), percent fat content (wet weight) and percent protein content (wet weight) in both species. In Wallago attu, there was no effect of wet body weight and total body length on percent water contents but positive influence on percent ash contents (wet weight), percent fat contents (wet weight), percent protein contents (wet weight), percent ash free matter (wet weight and dry weight), percent fat free matter (wet weight) and percent protein free matter (wet weight and dry weight). In case of Sperata sarwari, wet body weight and total body length have positive influence on percent water contents, percent fat contents (wet weight), percent protein free matter (wet weight and dry weight) and negative influence on percent ash contents (wet weight), percent protein contents (wet weight), percent ash free matter (wet weight and dry weight) and percent fat free matter (wet weight). Condition factor has a highly significant positive correlation with percent fat content (wet weight) in both species. When comparative study was done, it was found that there were highly significant differences between these two species in ash contents (wet and dry weight), protein contents (dry weight), ash free matter contents (dry weight), fat free matter (wet weight) and protein free matter (wet and dry weight). There was no significant effect of sex on body constituents in both species. The results also indicated that the proximate composition of the Wallago attu and Sperata sarwari depend on season. It was found that body constituents varied in different months of the year. The predictive equations can be used to estimate values of body composition with a fair amount of accuracy for both species. Flame Atomic Spectrometry was used as an analytical tool for analysis of trace metal concentration in relation to body size. In Wallago attu, it was observed that the metals i.e. Cd, Co, Fe and Cu were found to increase isometrically while Zn, Ni and Pb showed negative allometry with increasing body weight and total length. In Sperata2 sarwari, Cd, Co, Fe and Zn were found to increase isometrically while Ni, Cu and Pb showed negative allometric growth with body weight and total length. In both species, there were not significant differences in elemental concentration with relation to sex. The effect of season on elemental concentration was analyzed by using the ANOVA. Significant differences were observed in case of copper, zinc and lead concentrations in Wallago attu while zinc and nickel concentrations in Sperata sarwari. Wet body weight of both the species was not consistent with the cube law and showed positive allometry. The regression slope was W = 0.001698 L 3.27 for W. attu and W = 0.001698 L 3.28 for S. sarwari. The values of the slope b are significantly higher than b = 3.0, which shows that the weight grows more rapidly as compared to the cube of the length. Regression analysis showed that all the morphometric parameters except for eye diameter, mandible barbells length in W. attu and eye diameter, caudal fin length, nasal barbells length, maxillary barbells length and mandible barbells length in S. sarwari showed isometric growth with relation to wet body weight and total length of the fish. While the regression coefficient of all the fins weight except for dorsal fin in W. attu and caudal fin in S. sarwari showed positive allometric growth with body size. In internal morphometric studies, except for air bladder weight and gonads weight all the parameters showed negative allometric growth with relation to wet body weight and total length.
دس بارہ گھنٹے کی طویل مسافت کے بعد شرم الشیخ سے قاہرہ پہنچے ۔کانفرس کے مندوبین مختلف مقامات پر بس سے اترتے گئے ۔دکتورمجید،دکتورہ رعشہ،دکتورہ شائمہ، دکتوریحی ٰ ایک ساتھ اترے ۔دکتورہ مونا جو الازہر یونیورسٹی میں اردو کی استاد ہیں جنھوں نے ڈاکٹر مبارک علی کی کتاب پاکستانی معاشرے میں گھٹن اور خواتین کے استحصال پر اپنا مقالہ پڑھا تھا ،جس پر سوال و جواب کے سیشن میں میری طرف سے شدید تنقیدی گفتگو ہوئی تھی اور کانفرس کے باقی ایام میں و ہ مجھ سے کنی کتراتی تھیں، نے بھی آج بس سے اترتے ہوئے چہرے پر خفیف سی مسکراہٹ لا کر آواز دی ’’اﷲ حافظ یا دکتورالطاف‘‘ دکتورہ بسنت کا گھر بھی ہماری رہائش سے پہلے آیا ،انھوں نے مجھے دکتورمحمود کے حوالے کیا اور خود اگلے دن شام کو ملنے کا وعدہ کر کے بس سے اتر گئیں ۔دکتورہ ایمان کو لینے ان کے بھائی وقت پر نہ پہنچ سکے تو ہمارے ساتھ ٹیکسی میں سوار ہو گئیں ۔ایمان کا گھر عسکری فلیٹس میں تھا جہاں قدرے خوشحال لوگ رہتے تھے ،میں نے پوچھا کہ آپ کے شوہر فوج میں ہیں ؟اس نے کہا نہیں وہ سعودی عرب میں ملازمت کر رہے ہیں ۔باقی عربوں کی نسبت مصری زیادہ ہنر مند اور جفا کش ہوتے ہیں ۔ان کا المیہ یہ ہے کہ دورِ فراعنہ سے لے کر عصرِحاضر تک مطلق العنانی اور مارشل لائی طرز حکمرانی نے حاکموں کو مالدار اور عام مصریوں کو غریب تر بنا دیا ہے ۔
Sabab al-Nuzūl (cause of revelation) in Qur'anic studies means the time, context, cause, and the situation in which Allah has revealed verses. Cause of revelation has an important role in the interpretation of Qur’ān. Nevertheless, most of the verses and suras of Qur’ān are revealed independent of events, these verses are revealed to fulfill the general aim of Waḥī which is the guidance of people. Such knowledge is an invaluable tool for grasping the meaning of this type of Qur’ānic verse. Many Muslim scholars consider the studying of Asbāb alNuzūl and their related discussions as necessary. Some exegetes have written books studying the subject. The earliest and the most important work in this genre is undoubtedly Kitab Asbāb al-Nuzūl (Book of Occasions of Revelation) of ‘Alī bin Aḥmad al-Wāḥidī (d. 1075 CE). Another important work is by al-Suyūṭī (d. 1505 CE) which is a slight improvement of al-Wāḥidī’s book. In this paper descriptive method and comparative study are used to analysis traditions of revelation and their effects on Tafsīr literature. This paper proves the value of the causes of revelation in Qur’ānic Interptation and their effects on Tafsīr Literature, so that verification and authencity of traditions of causes of revelation are mandatory for Tafsīr.
According to the emergent case of Web services in Pakistani banking sector, two types of preconditions are
investigated: technological preconditions and organizational preconditions vis-a-vis technically competent
human resource. Based on these, a set of qualitative and quantitative research methods were carried out beside
the bank direction, commercial staff and subscribed customers to technology based banking services.
The research illustrates that centralized architectures, fragmented information systems, organizational rigidity,
level of technological know-how and disregarding user's implication could be factors of slowness (or failure)
in implementing technology based banking services. E-banking has to be a delivery channel that replicates and
replaces many of the physical functions a bank currently performs. Hence, e-banking now becomes a virtual
banking counter that the individual and corporate customer to carry out the regular activities. Even e-banking
services are more electronic-based, but, it still strongly supports banking activities, therefore communication,
transaction and distribution (Peterson, Balasubramanian and Bronnenberg, 1997). There are number of
challenges that need to be faced by Pakistani banks, however, the opportunity in this industry is high due to the
current trend especially application and development of ICT.
The tremendous advances in technology and the aggressive infusion of information technology had brought in
a paradigm shift in banking operations. Internet banking that has revolutionized the banking industry world
wide has turned out to be the nucleus issue of various studies all over the world. However there has constantly
been a literature gap on the issue in Pakistan. Exploring online banking customer requirements allowed the
definitions of service criteria assuring customer satisfaction at the time of realization and so the factors
regulating the quality level of Internet banking services. Analyzing voice of the customer and building a
transformation framework bringing it into practice are the leading steps of the methodology and the most
important factors in regulating the level of quality of internet banking services.
Dove (2004) holds the opinion that failure to adapt to change in terms of skills development is professional
obsolescence. Khan (2004: Dawn) says that influx of insincere, non professional, incompetent recruitees in
banks in the aftermath of privatization badly affected the banking industry. This fact has been verified by Grip
and Zwick (2001:4) who opined in their study on "the employability of low-skilled workers in the knowledge
economy", changes in technology and occupation also spur shift in the kinds of skills needed to serve a specific
job, and any neglect to update the skills leads to professional obsolescence.
The continuous improvement in skills and knowledge in the Banks is vital and this view is supported by Grip
and Zwick (2001:4) and they state that "Both the upgrading of the skill level and the shifts in the type of
activities may deteriorate the applicability of skills the workers acquired in the past". The banks in Pakistan
are facing new challenges due to globalization of financial markets. The international banks are equipped with
modern technology, innovative products and services, skilled and knowledgeable human resource to capitalize
on the major and valued segment of the clientele. The local banking industry is directionless. It is due to lack
of required skills and knowledge the employees need to possess to perform their duties efficiently. Srivastava
(2003:68) describes about the emerging competitive environment where performance of an individual
depends upon different types of skills and knowledge and one of them is developing problem solving skills.
Sridhar (2003:31) states that genuinely identified training needs will address the issue of skills development.
Khan (2004:Dawn) proffers one significant remedy to improve the performance of banks which is
institutionalization of HRM and it entails placement of best man to best assignment, updating his/her
knowledge through refreshing courses, seminar on emerging banking and financial problems thereby heading
towards reduction in professional obsolescence.
Need-based trainings are the major tool to equip the human resource so as to make Pakistani banks sustainable
and competitive apart from other reform measures like further strengthening of Prudential Regulations,